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Human infrastructure is not only complicated,but it is complex: components interact both directly,but also indirectly through intermediaries.This complexity produces hidden and sometimes counter intuitive interactions that require a systems level perspective.Ecological Network Analysis(ENA)is a set of tools and approaches that have been used to analyse ecosystems,but which are appropriate for understanding any system where components exchange material or energy.Many examples of human infrastructure,from water,energy,or transportation grids,to collections of co-located industries(eco-industrial parks),to complex manufacturing plants,are functionally analogous to ecosystems.All these examples of human infrastructure can be described as consisting of producers and consumers that transfer some substance between them,similar to food webs in an ecosystem.We propose ENA as a method to understand,model,and design human infrastructure at a variety of scales.Using examples that range from single industrial process to collections of industries,we show that: 1)ENA can be used to gain insight into the potential for material and/or energy cycling in human systems; 2)ENA of biological food webs can provide a bench mark to assess the performance of human systems; 3)many human systems are poorly organized for effective material cycling,despite being expressly designed for this purpose; 4)ENA of biological food webs can be used to identify key interactions or components missing from human infrastructure that when added,can increase cycling; 5)ENA can be used a design tool to enable better organization of human infrastructure; and 6)ENA,when used as a design tool,results in systems that minimize waste and costs as revealed by traditional engineering analysis.We discuss future directions,in particular,how ENA can be used to examine the resilience of human systems,and the trade-off between resilience and efficiency.ENA is a powerful tool to promote sustainable,resilient infrastructure at all scales,and is being applied to systems ranging from steel manufacturing to city-wide food-energy-water systems to regional economic networks.