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Purpose:More than half of stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients will relapse,suggesting that many patients have undetectable metastasis at the time of surgical resection.The purpose of this study was to discover protein biomarkers that predict which patients with early stage NSCLC will recur.Methods:Two different protein expression profiling platforms (2-D difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS)) were used to compare primary lung tumor tissue resected from patients with stage I NSCLC who subsequently developed metastasis,to patients who did not develop metastases,mRNA of proteins identified as being differentially expressed were then evaluated in an independent set of 25 early stage NSCLC samples by real-time RT-PCR.Further validation of the proteins to predict recurrence is being performed by immunohistochemistry.