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In this study we examined the effects of silibinin, a flavonoid derived from the herb milk thistle, on impaired learning and memory of the rat model with brain inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment.Injection of LPS (50 μg) into the right lateral ventricle produced memory impairment.Rats were treated with silibinin (25, 50,100 mg/kg, once a day, p.o.).The spatial learning and memory abilities were tested by the Morris water maze;the levels of tumor necrosis factorα (TNFα) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were detected with commercial ELISA kits;the expression of iNOS, NF-κB and p-p38 was tested by Western blotting;the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured by flow cytometry analysis.