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[摘要] 目的 探讨医院感染病原菌的分布及耐药情况,为临床合理用药提供依据。 方法 收集本院2016年1月~2017年9月分离的6637株病原菌,对标本来源、病原菌分布和耐药性进行分析。采用WHONET5.4软件对数据进行统计分析。 结果 病原菌分离阳性率高的标本是痰液(62.80%);6637株病原菌中,革蘭阴性菌4230株,占63.73%;革兰阳性菌2166株,占32.64%;真菌241株,占3.63%;前5位病原菌依次为:大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎链球菌。革兰阴性菌对碳青霉烯类及哌拉西林/他唑巴坦敏感性较高(>80%),对其他药物表现出强耐药、多耐药、泛耐药;革兰阳性菌未发现耐万古霉素、利奈唑胺和替加环素的菌株;真菌对氟胞嘧啶敏感,对其他药物存在耐药,未发现高耐药菌株。 结论 该院呼吸道标本是病原菌分离的主要标本;革兰阴性菌为主要致病菌,大肠埃希菌是医院感染优势菌株;各病原菌存在不同程度耐药,甚至强耐药、多耐药、泛耐药,临床应重视细菌耐药检测,根据药敏试验结果合理用药,控制耐药菌发展,防止医院感染发生。
[关键词] 医院感染;病原菌;分布;耐药性
[中图分类号] R446.5 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2018)12-0116-04
Distribution and drug resistance analysis of 6637 strains of nosocomial infection in a three class A hospital
CHU Ruixue1 LIU Xincheng2 MENG Weidong1 ZHANG Shiying3 ZHANG Yunping4
1.Clinical Laboratory, Liaocheng People’s Hospital in Shangdong Province, Liaocheng 252000, China; 2.Clinical Laboratory, Liaocheng Jiangbei Shuicheng Tourist Resort Lake West Street Office Community Health Service Center in Shangdong Province, Liaocheng 252000, China; 3.Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Liaocheng in Shangdong Province, Liaocheng 252000, China; 4.Department of Dermatology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital in Shangdong Province, Liaocheng 252000, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the distribution and drug resistance characteristics of pathogenic bacteria in nosocomial infection cases so as to provide the basis for clinical rational drug use. Methods 6637 strains of pathogenic bacteria isolated from January 2016 to September 2017 were collected, and the source of the specimens, distribution of pathogenic bacteria and drug resistance were analyzed. WHONET5.4 software was used to analyze the data. Results The specimen with high positive rate of isolation of pathogenic bacteria was sputum(62.80%). Among 6637 strains of pathogenic bacteria, there were 4230 strains of Gram-negative bacteria, accounting for 63.73%, 2166 strains of Gram-positive bacteria, accounting for 32.64%, and 241 strains of fungus, accounting for 3.63%. The top 5 pathogens were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter Bauman and Streptococcus pneumonia successively. Gram-negative bacteria were highly sensitive to carbapenems and piperacillin/tazobactam(>80%), and showed strong resistance, multidrug resistance or pan resistance to other drugs. No strain of gram-positive cocci was found resistant to vancomycin, linezolid, and tetracycline. Fungi were sensitive to fluorine cytosine, and resistant to other drugs, and no high drug resistant strain was found. Conclusion The respiratory specimens in the hospital are the main specimens after the isolation of pathogenic bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria are the main pathogenic bacteria, and Escherichia coli is the dominant strain of nosocomial infection. The pathogenic bacteria are resistant to different degrees, and even show strong resistance, multidrug resistance or pan-drug resistance. Clinical attention should be paid to the detection of bacterial resistance, to the rational use of drug according to the results of drug sensitivity test, to the control of the development of drug-resistant bacteria and to the prevention of the occurrence of nosocomial infection. 病原菌耐药性的产生与其存在诸多耐药基因及抗菌药物的广泛使用密切相关,新药的研发总是滞后于抗生素耐药的产生,临床医生应根据药敏试验结果合理选用抗生素,以免耐药菌通过转化、传导、结合、转移等方式传递,造成耐药菌株流行[18,19],引发医院感染。病原菌的分离、培养和药敏试验有利于临床医生及时了解医院感染病原菌分布特点和耐药性状况,有助于医院感染的控制和抗菌药物的合理使用[20],在感染治疗过程中严格规范合理使用抗菌药物,是避免细菌耐药、提高疗效的重要因素[4]。预防细菌耐药、控制医院感染还需要各社会团体、政府机构的共同参与,严格执行消毒隔离及手卫生制度,控制交叉感染,预防医院感染暴发。
[参考文献]
[1] Kurutkan MN,Kara O,Eraslan IH. An implementation on the social cost hospital acquired infections[J].Int J Clin Exp Med,2015,8(3):4433-4445.
[2] Fussen R,Lemmen S,Prevention of transmission of multidrug-resistant bacteria[J].Internist(Berl),2015,56(11):1246-1254.
[3] Bassetti M,De Waele JJ,Eggimann P,et al.Preventive and therapeutic strategies in eritically ill patients with highly resistant bacteria[J].Intensive Care Med,2015,41(5):776-795.
[4] 韩颖,王雅妹,张新颖,等. 某三甲医院2014年~2016年主要致病菌耐药趋势分析与预防控制研究[J].中华医院感染学杂志,2017,27(15):3419-3422.
[5] 程然,靖杰,伍勇,等. 2015年湘雅三医院临床分离病原菌分布的特点及耐药性分析[J].实用预防医学,2017, 24(1):109-113.
[6] 潘红平,储从家,陈丽红,等. 某综合医院医院感染病原菌临床分布及耐药情况[J]. 中国感染控制杂志,2017, 16(3):225-228.
[7] 刘智勇,张波,吴昊,等. 2014年某院主要病原菌分布及耐药监测分析[J]. 检验医学与临床,2016,13(9):1233-1236.
[8] 尹光昕,曹子晶,舒東娇,等. 2016年哈尔滨市医院感染病原菌菌群特点及构成分析[J].中华医院感染学杂志,2017,27(23):5285-5304.
[9] 李显彬,李春香,孟令玉,等. 某院2011~2015年医院感染病原菌分布及耐药性[J].中国感染控制杂志,2017, 16(1):66-99.
[10] 张伟,商安全,孙莉,等. 2014~2015年焦作市某医院1286株常见病原菌分布及耐药分析[J]. 现代预防医学,2017,44(2):366-369.
[11] 黄倩倩,朱小东,王萍,等. 2012~2014年医院感染主要病原菌耐药趋势分析[J]. 中华医院感染学杂志,2015, 25(21):4834-4837.
[12] 佘鹏飞,陈丽华,邹雅如,等. 2013年长沙湘雅三医院病原菌分布特点及耐药性分析[J]. 中国抗生素杂志,2015,40(6):445-450.
[13] Asahara T,Takahashi A,Yuki N,et al. Protective effect of a synbiotic against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a murine infection model[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother,2016,60(5):3041-3050.
[14] Mathers AJ,Peirano G,Pitout JD. The role of epidemic resistance plasmids and internationan high-risk clones in the spread of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae[J]. Clin Mi-Crobiol Rew,2015,28(3):565-591.
[15] 王磊,宋立强,徐修礼,等. 综合性医院ICU常见病原菌的分布及耐药性分析[J]. 中华医院感染学杂志,2013, 23(9):2194-2196.
[16] 黄梅,袁云华,马莉,等. 某院2011~2015年病原菌分布及耐药趋势分析[J]. 西部医学,2017,29(11):1594-1598.
[17] 胡付品,朱德妹,汪复,等. 2013年中国CHINET 细菌耐药性监测[J]. 中国感染与化疗杂志,2014,14(5):364-374.
[18] De Bus L,Coessens G,Boelens J,et al. Microbial etiology and antimirobial resistance in health care-associated versus community-acquired and hospital-acquired bloodstream infection in a tertiary care hospital[J]. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis,2013,77(4):341-345.
[19] Bhatt P,Tandel K,Singh A,et al. Species distribution and antimicrobial resistance pattern of coagulase-negative staphylococci at a tertiary care centre[J]. Med J Armed Forces India,2016,72(1):71-74.
[20] 朱洁品,降凡境. 2013~2015年徐州市第一人民医院病原菌的分布和耐药性分析[J]. 现代药物与临床,2016, 31(12):2052-2056.
(收稿日期:2018-01-30)
[关键词] 医院感染;病原菌;分布;耐药性
[中图分类号] R446.5 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2018)12-0116-04
Distribution and drug resistance analysis of 6637 strains of nosocomial infection in a three class A hospital
CHU Ruixue1 LIU Xincheng2 MENG Weidong1 ZHANG Shiying3 ZHANG Yunping4
1.Clinical Laboratory, Liaocheng People’s Hospital in Shangdong Province, Liaocheng 252000, China; 2.Clinical Laboratory, Liaocheng Jiangbei Shuicheng Tourist Resort Lake West Street Office Community Health Service Center in Shangdong Province, Liaocheng 252000, China; 3.Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Liaocheng in Shangdong Province, Liaocheng 252000, China; 4.Department of Dermatology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital in Shangdong Province, Liaocheng 252000, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the distribution and drug resistance characteristics of pathogenic bacteria in nosocomial infection cases so as to provide the basis for clinical rational drug use. Methods 6637 strains of pathogenic bacteria isolated from January 2016 to September 2017 were collected, and the source of the specimens, distribution of pathogenic bacteria and drug resistance were analyzed. WHONET5.4 software was used to analyze the data. Results The specimen with high positive rate of isolation of pathogenic bacteria was sputum(62.80%). Among 6637 strains of pathogenic bacteria, there were 4230 strains of Gram-negative bacteria, accounting for 63.73%, 2166 strains of Gram-positive bacteria, accounting for 32.64%, and 241 strains of fungus, accounting for 3.63%. The top 5 pathogens were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter Bauman and Streptococcus pneumonia successively. Gram-negative bacteria were highly sensitive to carbapenems and piperacillin/tazobactam(>80%), and showed strong resistance, multidrug resistance or pan resistance to other drugs. No strain of gram-positive cocci was found resistant to vancomycin, linezolid, and tetracycline. Fungi were sensitive to fluorine cytosine, and resistant to other drugs, and no high drug resistant strain was found. Conclusion The respiratory specimens in the hospital are the main specimens after the isolation of pathogenic bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria are the main pathogenic bacteria, and Escherichia coli is the dominant strain of nosocomial infection. The pathogenic bacteria are resistant to different degrees, and even show strong resistance, multidrug resistance or pan-drug resistance. Clinical attention should be paid to the detection of bacterial resistance, to the rational use of drug according to the results of drug sensitivity test, to the control of the development of drug-resistant bacteria and to the prevention of the occurrence of nosocomial infection. 病原菌耐药性的产生与其存在诸多耐药基因及抗菌药物的广泛使用密切相关,新药的研发总是滞后于抗生素耐药的产生,临床医生应根据药敏试验结果合理选用抗生素,以免耐药菌通过转化、传导、结合、转移等方式传递,造成耐药菌株流行[18,19],引发医院感染。病原菌的分离、培养和药敏试验有利于临床医生及时了解医院感染病原菌分布特点和耐药性状况,有助于医院感染的控制和抗菌药物的合理使用[20],在感染治疗过程中严格规范合理使用抗菌药物,是避免细菌耐药、提高疗效的重要因素[4]。预防细菌耐药、控制医院感染还需要各社会团体、政府机构的共同参与,严格执行消毒隔离及手卫生制度,控制交叉感染,预防医院感染暴发。
[参考文献]
[1] Kurutkan MN,Kara O,Eraslan IH. An implementation on the social cost hospital acquired infections[J].Int J Clin Exp Med,2015,8(3):4433-4445.
[2] Fussen R,Lemmen S,Prevention of transmission of multidrug-resistant bacteria[J].Internist(Berl),2015,56(11):1246-1254.
[3] Bassetti M,De Waele JJ,Eggimann P,et al.Preventive and therapeutic strategies in eritically ill patients with highly resistant bacteria[J].Intensive Care Med,2015,41(5):776-795.
[4] 韩颖,王雅妹,张新颖,等. 某三甲医院2014年~2016年主要致病菌耐药趋势分析与预防控制研究[J].中华医院感染学杂志,2017,27(15):3419-3422.
[5] 程然,靖杰,伍勇,等. 2015年湘雅三医院临床分离病原菌分布的特点及耐药性分析[J].实用预防医学,2017, 24(1):109-113.
[6] 潘红平,储从家,陈丽红,等. 某综合医院医院感染病原菌临床分布及耐药情况[J]. 中国感染控制杂志,2017, 16(3):225-228.
[7] 刘智勇,张波,吴昊,等. 2014年某院主要病原菌分布及耐药监测分析[J]. 检验医学与临床,2016,13(9):1233-1236.
[8] 尹光昕,曹子晶,舒東娇,等. 2016年哈尔滨市医院感染病原菌菌群特点及构成分析[J].中华医院感染学杂志,2017,27(23):5285-5304.
[9] 李显彬,李春香,孟令玉,等. 某院2011~2015年医院感染病原菌分布及耐药性[J].中国感染控制杂志,2017, 16(1):66-99.
[10] 张伟,商安全,孙莉,等. 2014~2015年焦作市某医院1286株常见病原菌分布及耐药分析[J]. 现代预防医学,2017,44(2):366-369.
[11] 黄倩倩,朱小东,王萍,等. 2012~2014年医院感染主要病原菌耐药趋势分析[J]. 中华医院感染学杂志,2015, 25(21):4834-4837.
[12] 佘鹏飞,陈丽华,邹雅如,等. 2013年长沙湘雅三医院病原菌分布特点及耐药性分析[J]. 中国抗生素杂志,2015,40(6):445-450.
[13] Asahara T,Takahashi A,Yuki N,et al. Protective effect of a synbiotic against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a murine infection model[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother,2016,60(5):3041-3050.
[14] Mathers AJ,Peirano G,Pitout JD. The role of epidemic resistance plasmids and internationan high-risk clones in the spread of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae[J]. Clin Mi-Crobiol Rew,2015,28(3):565-591.
[15] 王磊,宋立强,徐修礼,等. 综合性医院ICU常见病原菌的分布及耐药性分析[J]. 中华医院感染学杂志,2013, 23(9):2194-2196.
[16] 黄梅,袁云华,马莉,等. 某院2011~2015年病原菌分布及耐药趋势分析[J]. 西部医学,2017,29(11):1594-1598.
[17] 胡付品,朱德妹,汪复,等. 2013年中国CHINET 细菌耐药性监测[J]. 中国感染与化疗杂志,2014,14(5):364-374.
[18] De Bus L,Coessens G,Boelens J,et al. Microbial etiology and antimirobial resistance in health care-associated versus community-acquired and hospital-acquired bloodstream infection in a tertiary care hospital[J]. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis,2013,77(4):341-345.
[19] Bhatt P,Tandel K,Singh A,et al. Species distribution and antimicrobial resistance pattern of coagulase-negative staphylococci at a tertiary care centre[J]. Med J Armed Forces India,2016,72(1):71-74.
[20] 朱洁品,降凡境. 2013~2015年徐州市第一人民医院病原菌的分布和耐药性分析[J]. 现代药物与临床,2016, 31(12):2052-2056.
(收稿日期:2018-01-30)