论文部分内容阅读
★要求:
首先,一个段落必须有一个中心,即主题思想,该中心由主题句特别是其中的题旨来表达。整个段落必须紧扣这个主题,这就是段落的统一性。其次,一个段落必须有若干个拓展句,使主题思想得到充分展开,从而给读者一个完整的感觉,这就是完整性。再者,一个段落不是杂乱无章的,而是有机的组合,句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑,从一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅,这就是连贯性。下面就对这三个标准分别加以说明。
1.统一性:一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个中心,任何游离于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。
2.完整性:正像我们前面说的那样,一个段落的主题思想靠拓展句来实现,如果只有主题句而没有拓展句来进一步交代和充实,就不能构成一个完整的段落。同样,虽然有拓展句,但如果主题思想没有得到相对圆满的交代,给读者一种意犹未尽的感觉,这样的段落也不能完成其交际功能。
3.连贯性:连贯性包括意连和形连两个方面,前者指的是内在的逻辑性,后者指的是使用连接词语。当然这两者常常是不可分割的。只有形连而没有意连,句子之间就没有内在的有机的联系;反之,只有意连而没有形连,有时行文就不够流畅。
★写作技巧:
一、认真审题,把握文章的体裁、格式、时态、人称。审题是写好文章的关键和基础。
考生对写什么、怎么写,在头脑中必须有一个清晰的思路。首先要弄清楚题目要求、写作意图,抓住内容要点,确定体裁,明确人称与时态,构思框架、层次等。目前高考写作类型总的说来分两种,一种是先叙述现象或图画,再发表自己的看法;另一种是先敘述两种讨论的结果,然后发表自己的意见。作文体裁有记叙文、说明文、议论文、故事、应用文(如:书信、日记、便条、通知)等。记叙文、日记多用过去时;议论文多用一般现在时;通知用将来时;说明文、书信的时态比较灵活,要酌情而定;看图作文如果没有“I”,用第三人称。
二、作文的“龙头”和“凤尾”
1.开门见山,一言中的。英文的写作规范是开门见山,直接点题。表达思想时,英语民族的思维更直截了当,他们习惯把要点放在前面说出来,然后把次要的信息一一补充进去。例如:中英两国的学生同样向美国某大学写了一封申请奖学金的信,英国的学生喜欢单刀直入,在首段便说:“I would like to apply for a university scholarship.”而中国学生大多喜欢将这句话放在中间或最后点出,等于绕了个圈子后再回到主题上,效果事与愿违。
2.结尾有力,干净利索。和“龙头”一样,“凤尾”也可以反映出作者总揽全文的能力,同时,它也应该是控制字数、画龙点睛之笔。一定不要“添枝加叶,随意发挥、延伸”。好的结尾应该照应全文,总结全篇,干净利索,使文章结构紧凑。例如,如果作文标题为:My Teacher Mr More,开头为:Of all my teachers, Mr More is the one who impressed me most. And he is one of the most popular teachers in our school.结尾就是:He is such a learned teacher that we all admire him very much.如此首尾呼应,完全可以说是“龙头凤尾”。
三、选词准确,搭配得当
平时的训练中要特别注意要求自己不要孤立地记单词,要重视词汇的习惯搭配。这样可以杜绝写作中词不达意,甚至错误百出的现象。除此之外,还应避免在一篇文章中反复使用同一词语,而要用不同的单词和词组表达同样的意思。例如表达“不同的”可用different, various; “喜欢”可用like, enjoy, be fond of, appreciate;“五岁的女孩”可以表达为a five-year-old girl, a girl of five, a girl aged five,如此表达有异曲同工之妙。 四、注重结构,活用复杂句型
在句式上力求多样化,如强调句、倒装句、各种从句及常用句型与长短句交互使用,丰富自己的表现力,同样的意思尽量用多种方法表达。进行书面表达训练时,应注意一些复杂句式的相互转换。
五、巧妙过渡,行文流畅
如要表达先后顺序,可用first, next, then, finally, meanwhile等。
如要表达转折对比概念,可用but, while, however, on the contrary等。
如要表示列举,可用for example ,for instance, take something for example等。
如要表示概括总结观点,可用generally, basically, in a word, in other words, in general, in short, in conclusion, generally speaking这些词语,还可用as far as I know 这样过渡性很强的句式。
如要表示补充或层次递进,可用besides, furthermore, in addition, what’s more, what’s worse等。
如要表示结果,可用so, as a result, as a consequence, consequently, therefore, in this way等。
不论使用哪一类过渡性词语,都应巧妙自然,切忌堆砌。
六、克服汉语思维的干扰,减少中式英文句式
要避免的是:①缺少谓语。②谓语重叠。③主语和状语混淆不清。④对比错位。⑤主表搭配不当。
七、检查与卷面
第一,要看要点、内容是否遗漏。这样可以避免因漏要点而被扣分。第二,要保证词数符合要求。因为高考作文评分原则3明确规定“词数少于120或多于150的,从总分中减去2分”;评分原则6明确规定:如果书写较差,以至影响交际,将分数降低一个档次。第三,考生对自己的书写要严格要求,养成良好的书写习惯,保证卷面的工整。誊写作文后,认真检查、核实、校正,将错误降到最低限度。
八、时间安排
审题3分钟;打草稿、修改15分钟;誊写5分钟;检查2分钟。只有这样才可以避免因为时间分配不合理,而影响写作水平发挥的现象。
★书写格式:
英文书写应符合书写规范,英文字母要写清楚、写整齐、写美观,字母的大小和字母之间的距离要匀称。书写应做到字形秀丽漂亮,通篇匀称和谐。
写英文字母要掌握正确笔顺,如字母i,应该先写下面的部分,然后再打点。有的学生却按写汉字的习惯从上到下写,写快了,就会把点和下面的一笔连在一起,显得十分别扭。字形t应为两笔。不少人却将两笔合成一笔,看上去不像t,倒像l或是e,难以辨认。另外,把r写成v,把q写成把g,把k写成h等等,都是中学生书写中常见的毛病。
不少人在四线三格的练习纸上书写尚有规矩,能按字母的占格、高低和大小要求书写,但在白纸或横线纸上书写,却显得十分幼稚拙劣。字母或跳上跳下,或一律写成同一高度,占上中两格的字母与占中下两格的字母完全没有高低之别。这些现象都要尽量避免。
另外,书写时还要注意词与词之间要保持一定的距离,不能紧靠在一起。字母之间的连写也应该按照俗成习惯,不能随意乱来。
在一篇詞数有限的作文里,我们要注意尽量不把一个单词拆开移行。万一要移行,则必须以音节为单位进行,如revolution这个词,依照音节移行的原则可以按re-,revo-, revolu-这几种方法移行。在移行时,我们还应特别注意以下几点:
1.单音节词不能移行。即使是字母较多的单音节词,如through等也不能例外。
2.缩略词如Mr或Dr等,不能和后面的名字拆开移行。缩略的专用名词如UK,USA等也不能拆开移行。
3.时间、量度及货币单位应视为一个整体,不能分开移行。如11:00P.M.应写在一行内,不能将11:00和P.M.分开移行;写38℃时,不能将38和℃分开移行。
4.由“年、月、日”表示的日期,如果必须分开移行,只能将“月、日”与“年”分开。如January 6,1980不能将January和6分开移行,但可以把January 6,和1980分成两行。
5.含双写辅音字母的单词,在移行时要将辅音字母拆开。如better可拆成bet-ter,necessary可拆成neces-sary。但如果双写辅音字母属于词根,后面又加了后缀,就不能将两个辅音字母拆开。如drill加上-ing后构成了drilling,就不可以将它拆成dril-ling,而只能拆为drill-ing。
★现场练习:
一、你想报考清华大学,而你的父母却希望你报考本地的名牌大学,请以李华的名义写一封信,说服父母同意你报考清华大学。词数150左右。
二、不知不觉我们已进入高三年级,高考一天天逼近。为了在学习上不落后于同学,很多学生搬出学校的集体寝室,在学校附近租了房子。就这一现象,请你写一篇英语短文来发表自己的看法。
内容包括:1.在校外租房子的利与弊(至少各写两点)。
2.你同意还是反对这种做法?并陈述你的理由(至少写两点)。
注意:1.词数为150个左右。
2.可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
3.开头语已为你写好(不计入总词数):
Time seems to speed up as soon as the students step into their final and vital year.
参考词汇:宿舍dormitory
三、法国一家拍卖公司于今年2月25日在巴黎公开拍卖从中国掠夺的鼠首和兔首铜像,此举激起中国人民的强烈愤慨。请你根据下列提示,用英语写一篇短文。
文物背景:1.鼠首和兔首铜像制作于清代,是圆明园诸多装饰品之一。
2.1860年,英法联军火烧圆明园,抢走包括鼠首和兔首铜像等在内的大量文物。
文物事件:1.今年2月在巴黎公开拍卖。
2.中国政府坚决反对,要求按国际法无偿归还。
3.法国公司一意孤行。
4.中国人民积极行动,采取措施阻止拍卖。
你的感想:(请谈谈对此事的看法,列举两至三条)
注意:1.对所给事件,要逐一陈述,可适当增加细节,使其连贯,不能简单翻译。
2.词数:150左右。首段已给出,不计入总词数。
3.参考词汇:auction n.&vt. 拍卖;relic [C] n.文物,遗物;bronze铜像。
★范文:
一、
Dear parents,Jan 1st,2009
I know it’s a bit hard/difficult for you to accept my choice to apply to Tsinghua University(for further study).You have been taking good care of me during the past 18 years and in your eyes I’m a good boy who is always willing to follow your advice. But this time I do hope that you can allow me to make my own decision.
Tsinghua University, one of the top universities worldwide /regarded as the kingdom of academy, has appealed to numerous excellent applicants. Not only do they admire these distinguished scholars but also they can share the advanced teaching facilities and reference resources. In addition, graduates from Tsinghua are bound to have more chances to find rewarding jobs. In this competitive society,I can prove myself an outstanding talent and make great contributions to the development of our nation.
I know you are worried that I can’t look after myself if I go to Tsinghua. However,this will enable me to learn how to live independently and stand on my own feet. I really hope you can understand me and support my decision, which will benefit my future.
Yours,
Li Hua
二、
Time seems to speed up as soon as the students step into their final and vital year.The college entrance examination is approaching day by day.Quite a few students have moved out from their dormitories to live in a rented room near the school to make every minute count.
It cannot be denied that they have their own time schedule after classes and easily concentrate on lessons alone in their small room.What’s important,with their moms taking care of them,they can spare more time for studies.However,there exist some disadvantages.For example,sometimes their minds go wandering easily without competitors around.Furthermore,a student who is left alone to study at rather an easy atmosphere tends to get distracted or even feel tired easily.
In spite of the fact that dorm life is full of fun and friendship,noisy songs and shouts in the dorms after evening classes only quiet down long after the blackout at 10:30 p.m.,leading to a serious lack of sleep,I think.Worse still,they don’t make fullest use of time to study. So,from my perspective, I prefer to live in the rented room.
三、
February, in Paris, a French company auctioned two bronze sculptures —a rat’s head and a rabbit’s head captured from China, which has aroused great public concern in China.
As is known to all, the two bronze animal heads were made during the Qing Dynasty to decorate Yuanmingyuan. In 1860, the British and French troops broke into Beijing and burned down the royal garden, taking away millions of Chinese art works, including the two head relics.
The Chinese government is strongly against this auction and has repeatedly asked for the free return of them according to the international laws. At the same time, the Chinese people have taken actions, too. Some people even flew to France, trying to stop the selling. However, the French company just wouldn’t listen.
In my opinion, the auction should be strongly condemned. Not only has it hurt the feelings of the Chinese people but also it brought shame to France. As middle school students, we must study harder so that we can make our country more powerful in the future and stop any such things from happening again.
(責任编辑 黄 晓 周侯辰)
首先,一个段落必须有一个中心,即主题思想,该中心由主题句特别是其中的题旨来表达。整个段落必须紧扣这个主题,这就是段落的统一性。其次,一个段落必须有若干个拓展句,使主题思想得到充分展开,从而给读者一个完整的感觉,这就是完整性。再者,一个段落不是杂乱无章的,而是有机的组合,句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑,从一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅,这就是连贯性。下面就对这三个标准分别加以说明。
1.统一性:一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个中心,任何游离于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。
2.完整性:正像我们前面说的那样,一个段落的主题思想靠拓展句来实现,如果只有主题句而没有拓展句来进一步交代和充实,就不能构成一个完整的段落。同样,虽然有拓展句,但如果主题思想没有得到相对圆满的交代,给读者一种意犹未尽的感觉,这样的段落也不能完成其交际功能。
3.连贯性:连贯性包括意连和形连两个方面,前者指的是内在的逻辑性,后者指的是使用连接词语。当然这两者常常是不可分割的。只有形连而没有意连,句子之间就没有内在的有机的联系;反之,只有意连而没有形连,有时行文就不够流畅。
★写作技巧:
一、认真审题,把握文章的体裁、格式、时态、人称。审题是写好文章的关键和基础。
考生对写什么、怎么写,在头脑中必须有一个清晰的思路。首先要弄清楚题目要求、写作意图,抓住内容要点,确定体裁,明确人称与时态,构思框架、层次等。目前高考写作类型总的说来分两种,一种是先叙述现象或图画,再发表自己的看法;另一种是先敘述两种讨论的结果,然后发表自己的意见。作文体裁有记叙文、说明文、议论文、故事、应用文(如:书信、日记、便条、通知)等。记叙文、日记多用过去时;议论文多用一般现在时;通知用将来时;说明文、书信的时态比较灵活,要酌情而定;看图作文如果没有“I”,用第三人称。
二、作文的“龙头”和“凤尾”
1.开门见山,一言中的。英文的写作规范是开门见山,直接点题。表达思想时,英语民族的思维更直截了当,他们习惯把要点放在前面说出来,然后把次要的信息一一补充进去。例如:中英两国的学生同样向美国某大学写了一封申请奖学金的信,英国的学生喜欢单刀直入,在首段便说:“I would like to apply for a university scholarship.”而中国学生大多喜欢将这句话放在中间或最后点出,等于绕了个圈子后再回到主题上,效果事与愿违。
2.结尾有力,干净利索。和“龙头”一样,“凤尾”也可以反映出作者总揽全文的能力,同时,它也应该是控制字数、画龙点睛之笔。一定不要“添枝加叶,随意发挥、延伸”。好的结尾应该照应全文,总结全篇,干净利索,使文章结构紧凑。例如,如果作文标题为:My Teacher Mr More,开头为:Of all my teachers, Mr More is the one who impressed me most. And he is one of the most popular teachers in our school.结尾就是:He is such a learned teacher that we all admire him very much.如此首尾呼应,完全可以说是“龙头凤尾”。
三、选词准确,搭配得当
平时的训练中要特别注意要求自己不要孤立地记单词,要重视词汇的习惯搭配。这样可以杜绝写作中词不达意,甚至错误百出的现象。除此之外,还应避免在一篇文章中反复使用同一词语,而要用不同的单词和词组表达同样的意思。例如表达“不同的”可用different, various; “喜欢”可用like, enjoy, be fond of, appreciate;“五岁的女孩”可以表达为a five-year-old girl, a girl of five, a girl aged five,如此表达有异曲同工之妙。 四、注重结构,活用复杂句型
在句式上力求多样化,如强调句、倒装句、各种从句及常用句型与长短句交互使用,丰富自己的表现力,同样的意思尽量用多种方法表达。进行书面表达训练时,应注意一些复杂句式的相互转换。
五、巧妙过渡,行文流畅
如要表达先后顺序,可用first, next, then, finally, meanwhile等。
如要表达转折对比概念,可用but, while, however, on the contrary等。
如要表示列举,可用for example ,for instance, take something for example等。
如要表示概括总结观点,可用generally, basically, in a word, in other words, in general, in short, in conclusion, generally speaking这些词语,还可用as far as I know 这样过渡性很强的句式。
如要表示补充或层次递进,可用besides, furthermore, in addition, what’s more, what’s worse等。
如要表示结果,可用so, as a result, as a consequence, consequently, therefore, in this way等。
不论使用哪一类过渡性词语,都应巧妙自然,切忌堆砌。
六、克服汉语思维的干扰,减少中式英文句式
要避免的是:①缺少谓语。②谓语重叠。③主语和状语混淆不清。④对比错位。⑤主表搭配不当。
七、检查与卷面
第一,要看要点、内容是否遗漏。这样可以避免因漏要点而被扣分。第二,要保证词数符合要求。因为高考作文评分原则3明确规定“词数少于120或多于150的,从总分中减去2分”;评分原则6明确规定:如果书写较差,以至影响交际,将分数降低一个档次。第三,考生对自己的书写要严格要求,养成良好的书写习惯,保证卷面的工整。誊写作文后,认真检查、核实、校正,将错误降到最低限度。
八、时间安排
审题3分钟;打草稿、修改15分钟;誊写5分钟;检查2分钟。只有这样才可以避免因为时间分配不合理,而影响写作水平发挥的现象。
★书写格式:
英文书写应符合书写规范,英文字母要写清楚、写整齐、写美观,字母的大小和字母之间的距离要匀称。书写应做到字形秀丽漂亮,通篇匀称和谐。
写英文字母要掌握正确笔顺,如字母i,应该先写下面的部分,然后再打点。有的学生却按写汉字的习惯从上到下写,写快了,就会把点和下面的一笔连在一起,显得十分别扭。字形t应为两笔。不少人却将两笔合成一笔,看上去不像t,倒像l或是e,难以辨认。另外,把r写成v,把q写成把g,把k写成h等等,都是中学生书写中常见的毛病。
不少人在四线三格的练习纸上书写尚有规矩,能按字母的占格、高低和大小要求书写,但在白纸或横线纸上书写,却显得十分幼稚拙劣。字母或跳上跳下,或一律写成同一高度,占上中两格的字母与占中下两格的字母完全没有高低之别。这些现象都要尽量避免。
另外,书写时还要注意词与词之间要保持一定的距离,不能紧靠在一起。字母之间的连写也应该按照俗成习惯,不能随意乱来。
在一篇詞数有限的作文里,我们要注意尽量不把一个单词拆开移行。万一要移行,则必须以音节为单位进行,如revolution这个词,依照音节移行的原则可以按re-,revo-, revolu-这几种方法移行。在移行时,我们还应特别注意以下几点:
1.单音节词不能移行。即使是字母较多的单音节词,如through等也不能例外。
2.缩略词如Mr或Dr等,不能和后面的名字拆开移行。缩略的专用名词如UK,USA等也不能拆开移行。
3.时间、量度及货币单位应视为一个整体,不能分开移行。如11:00P.M.应写在一行内,不能将11:00和P.M.分开移行;写38℃时,不能将38和℃分开移行。
4.由“年、月、日”表示的日期,如果必须分开移行,只能将“月、日”与“年”分开。如January 6,1980不能将January和6分开移行,但可以把January 6,和1980分成两行。
5.含双写辅音字母的单词,在移行时要将辅音字母拆开。如better可拆成bet-ter,necessary可拆成neces-sary。但如果双写辅音字母属于词根,后面又加了后缀,就不能将两个辅音字母拆开。如drill加上-ing后构成了drilling,就不可以将它拆成dril-ling,而只能拆为drill-ing。
★现场练习:
一、你想报考清华大学,而你的父母却希望你报考本地的名牌大学,请以李华的名义写一封信,说服父母同意你报考清华大学。词数150左右。
二、不知不觉我们已进入高三年级,高考一天天逼近。为了在学习上不落后于同学,很多学生搬出学校的集体寝室,在学校附近租了房子。就这一现象,请你写一篇英语短文来发表自己的看法。
内容包括:1.在校外租房子的利与弊(至少各写两点)。
2.你同意还是反对这种做法?并陈述你的理由(至少写两点)。
注意:1.词数为150个左右。
2.可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
3.开头语已为你写好(不计入总词数):
Time seems to speed up as soon as the students step into their final and vital year.
参考词汇:宿舍dormitory
三、法国一家拍卖公司于今年2月25日在巴黎公开拍卖从中国掠夺的鼠首和兔首铜像,此举激起中国人民的强烈愤慨。请你根据下列提示,用英语写一篇短文。
文物背景:1.鼠首和兔首铜像制作于清代,是圆明园诸多装饰品之一。
2.1860年,英法联军火烧圆明园,抢走包括鼠首和兔首铜像等在内的大量文物。
文物事件:1.今年2月在巴黎公开拍卖。
2.中国政府坚决反对,要求按国际法无偿归还。
3.法国公司一意孤行。
4.中国人民积极行动,采取措施阻止拍卖。
你的感想:(请谈谈对此事的看法,列举两至三条)
注意:1.对所给事件,要逐一陈述,可适当增加细节,使其连贯,不能简单翻译。
2.词数:150左右。首段已给出,不计入总词数。
3.参考词汇:auction n.&vt. 拍卖;relic [C] n.文物,遗物;bronze铜像。
★范文:
一、
Dear parents,Jan 1st,2009
I know it’s a bit hard/difficult for you to accept my choice to apply to Tsinghua University(for further study).You have been taking good care of me during the past 18 years and in your eyes I’m a good boy who is always willing to follow your advice. But this time I do hope that you can allow me to make my own decision.
Tsinghua University, one of the top universities worldwide /regarded as the kingdom of academy, has appealed to numerous excellent applicants. Not only do they admire these distinguished scholars but also they can share the advanced teaching facilities and reference resources. In addition, graduates from Tsinghua are bound to have more chances to find rewarding jobs. In this competitive society,I can prove myself an outstanding talent and make great contributions to the development of our nation.
I know you are worried that I can’t look after myself if I go to Tsinghua. However,this will enable me to learn how to live independently and stand on my own feet. I really hope you can understand me and support my decision, which will benefit my future.
Yours,
Li Hua
二、
Time seems to speed up as soon as the students step into their final and vital year.The college entrance examination is approaching day by day.Quite a few students have moved out from their dormitories to live in a rented room near the school to make every minute count.
It cannot be denied that they have their own time schedule after classes and easily concentrate on lessons alone in their small room.What’s important,with their moms taking care of them,they can spare more time for studies.However,there exist some disadvantages.For example,sometimes their minds go wandering easily without competitors around.Furthermore,a student who is left alone to study at rather an easy atmosphere tends to get distracted or even feel tired easily.
In spite of the fact that dorm life is full of fun and friendship,noisy songs and shouts in the dorms after evening classes only quiet down long after the blackout at 10:30 p.m.,leading to a serious lack of sleep,I think.Worse still,they don’t make fullest use of time to study. So,from my perspective, I prefer to live in the rented room.
三、
February, in Paris, a French company auctioned two bronze sculptures —a rat’s head and a rabbit’s head captured from China, which has aroused great public concern in China.
As is known to all, the two bronze animal heads were made during the Qing Dynasty to decorate Yuanmingyuan. In 1860, the British and French troops broke into Beijing and burned down the royal garden, taking away millions of Chinese art works, including the two head relics.
The Chinese government is strongly against this auction and has repeatedly asked for the free return of them according to the international laws. At the same time, the Chinese people have taken actions, too. Some people even flew to France, trying to stop the selling. However, the French company just wouldn’t listen.
In my opinion, the auction should be strongly condemned. Not only has it hurt the feelings of the Chinese people but also it brought shame to France. As middle school students, we must study harder so that we can make our country more powerful in the future and stop any such things from happening again.
(責任编辑 黄 晓 周侯辰)