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英国社会学家吉登斯认为,大型国家内部存在异质性,由“众多社会组成”;其“从传统向现代过渡就是从异质性向同质性,从多有性向单一性的演进过程,就是从分散向集中、从较弱控制向较强控制的转变。”[9](P63)19世纪面临危机的清帝国开始加强内部的同质化的同时,也调整了其与外部世界的关系,开始了向主权国家转型的历史进程。康雍乾开创的“天下”帝国到19世纪初、甚至更早些时候,首先遇到了来自内部的挑战。其一,帝国人口猛增,人口压力加剧;其二,帝国漕
Giddens, a British sociologist, argues that heterogeneity exists within large-sized countries and that “many other social groups” constitute a transition from tradition to modernity, ranging from heterogeneity to homogeneity and from sexuality to unity The evolutionary process is a shift from decentralization to concentration and from weaker control to stronger control. “[9] (P63) While the Qing empire, which was in crisis in the nineteenth century, began to strengthen its internal homogeneity, it also adjusted its relations with The external world relations began the historical process of transition to sovereign states. The ”Empire " empire created by Kang Yongzong first met with internal challenges until the early 19th century and even earlier. First, the empire population soared, population pressure intensified; second, the Imperial Watercourse