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了解火灾烟气毒理学及其研究方法的特点。①火灾烟气毒性作用的类型 :窒息或麻醉作用 ,包括CO ,HCN ,CO2 等 ;刺激性作用 ,如HBr ,HF ,HCl,NO2 等 ;③其他非常见毒理作用 ,如CH2 =CH CHO等 ,人在浓度为 30 μmol·L- 1的丙烯醛环境中滞留5～ 10min ,即可致命 ,目前其毒理作用不明。②烟气毒性的衡量标准 :LC50 ,表示 5 0 %致死率的烟气浓度。通常火灾烟气毒性评价中的暴露时间固定为30min ,动物观察是在暴露时间内和暴露后 14d观察期间总的死亡率 ;ρ5 0 ,表示 5 0 %的实验动物丧失行为能力的概率。该参数的优点是提供危险评价的标准更适合于为现场火灾的中消防人员及其他职业人员提供最佳的逃逸时间。③烟气毒性评估模型 :N 气体模型或FED模型。当模型的N值 (或FED值 ) =1时 ,测试的部分动物会死亡 ;<0 .8时 ,不会有动物死亡 ;>1.3时 ,所有测试动物全部死亡。用此模型研究发现烟气混合气体中NO2 和CO的毒性有协同作用 ,而NO2 和HCN的毒性有拮抗作用 ,但N 气体模型或FED模型存在 3方面的缺点 : 认为所有毒性气体具有共同的作用机制 ,因而这种模型剂量效应具有加和性 ; 不能解释由于动物的活动状况、动物种类的差异及CO2 以外的其他气体导致的气流变化 ; FED模型不能提供对丧失行为能力的估计概率。TGAS?
Understand the characteristics of fire smoke toxicology and its research methods. ① types of fire smoke toxicity: asphyxiation or anesthesia, including CO, HCN, CO2, etc .; irritating effects, such as HBr, HF, HCl, NO2, etc .; ③ other common toxicological effects such as CH2 = CH CHO, etc. , People in the concentration of 30 μmol·L-1 acrolein environment stay 5 to 10min, can be fatal, its toxicological effects unknown. ② smoke toxicity measure: LC50, said the flue gas concentration of 50% lethality. The exposure time in the fire smoke toxicity assessment is generally fixed at 30 min. The animal observations are the total mortality during the exposure period and 14 days after the exposure. Ρ50, indicating the probability of loss of capacity of 50% of the experimental animals. The advantage of this parameter is that the criteria for providing risk assessment are better suited to provide optimum escape time for firefighters and other professionals in the field fire. ③ smoke toxicity assessment model: N gas model or FED model. Some of the animals tested died when the model had an N (or FED) value of 1; none died at <0.8; all animals died at> 1.3. Using this model, we found that NO2 and CO have synergistic effects on the toxicity of NO2 and CO, while NO2 and HCN have antagonistic effects. However, there are three shortcomings in the N-gas model or the FED model: all the toxic gases have the same effect Mechanism, and thus the model dose effect is additive; can not account for changes in air flow due to animal activity, animal species differences and other gases other than CO2; and the FED model does not provide an estimate of the probability of incapacity. TGAS?