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Objective: To investigate the relationship of HLA status and autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) to assess the role of autoimmunity and genetic markers in retinopathy. Design: Retrospective, nonrandomized, comparative study. Participants: Patients who had suffered from type 1 diabetes for>10 years and who had been first diagnosed as diabetic under 30 years of age were studied. They were classified into 3 groups: 20 patients with diabetes and PDR (PDR group), 22 patients who had diabetes and severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (SNPDR group), and 25 patients who had diabetes with no diabetic retinopathy (non-DR group). Methods: Blood was coll ected, and the relationship between HLA status and GAD autoantibody positivity in diabetic retinopathywas investigated in a cross-sectional study. Main Outcome Measures: Human leukocyte antigen status and GAD autoantibody positivity. Results: The highest positive rate of GAD autoantibody was 56.0%in the non-DR group, followed by the SNPDR group (40.1%) and the PDR group (15.0%). The frequencies of the HLA-DQ4 and-DR4/-DQ4 haplotypes were significantly higher in the PDR group (75.0%and 65%, respectively) than in the SNPDR group (40.9%and 31.8%) or the non-DR group (40.0%and 28.0%) (P=0.035 and P=0.026, respectively). The prevalence of GAD antibodies was lower in patients with the HLA-DR4 and HLA -DQ4 alleles and-DR4/-DQ4 haplotype frequencies in the PDR group (P=0.018, P=0.0088, and P=0.0031, respectively). Conclusions: We found that the existence of GAD antibodies is inversely related and HLA status is directly related to the stage or severity of retinopathy.
Objective: To investigate the relationship of HLA status and autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) to assess the role of autoimmunity and genetic markers in retinopathy. Design: Retrospective, nonrandomized, comparative study. had suffered from type 1 diabetes for> 10 years and who had been first diagnosed as diabetic under 30 years of age were studied. They were classified into 3 groups: 20 patients with diabetes and PDR (PDR group), 22 patients who had diabetes and severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (SNPDR group), and 25 patients who had diabetes with no diabetic retinopathy (non-DR group). Methods: Blood was coll ected, and the relationship between HLA status and GAD autoantibody positivity in diabetic retinopathy was investigated in a cross -sectional study. Main Outcome Measures: Human leukocyte antigen status and GAD autoantibody positivity. Results: The highest positive rate of GAD autoan tdBody was 56.0% in the non-DR group, followed by the SNPDR group (40.1%) and the PDR group (15.0%). The frequencies of the HLA-DQ4 and-DR4 / -DQ4 haplotypes were significantly higher in the PDR group (75.0% and 65% respectively) than in the SNPDR group (40.9% and 31.8%) or the non-DR group (40.0% and 28.0% respectively) (P = 0.035 and P = 0.026, respectively). The prevalence of GAD antibodies were lower in patients with the HLA-DR4 and HLA-DQ4 alleles and-DR4 / -DQ4 haplotype frequencies in the PDR group (P = 0.018, P = 0.0088, and P = 0.0031, respectively). Conclusions: We found that the existence of GAD antibodies is inversely related and HLA status is directly related to the stage or severity of retinopathy.