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十九世纪中叶后,西方资本主义世界相继发生的工业革命逐渐促成了自由竞争的资本主义向垄断型资本主义的过渡,各国间的竞争日益加剧,尤其体现在对能源原材料及销售市场的竞争上。在世界市场趋于形成前,这种竞争加之工业化的进一步发展以及资本主义世界所特有的经济大萧条,使得“殖民地的意义大为提高”〔1〕。西方列强瓜分殖民地的运动步入了新的高潮。此时,中国的满清王朝日趋衰败,内忧外患,民不聊生,给予了西方列强趁
After the mid-nineteenth century, the successive industrial revolutions in the Western capitalist world gradually led to the transition from free-competition capitalism to monopoly capitalism, with increasingly intensified competition among nations, especially in the competition for energy, raw materials and sales markets . Before the global market tended to come into shape, this kind of competition combined with the further development of industrialization and the economic recession peculiar to the capitalist world made “the significance of the colony greatly enhanced” [1]. The movement of Western powers to colonize the colony has entered a new upsurge. At this time, the Manchu dynasty in China was declining, the internal and external problems plagued the people, gave the Western powers the opportunity to take advantage of