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美国联邦第九巡回上诉法院案号:724 F.3d 1268判决时间:2013年7月31日阅读提示橄榄球运动员享有形象权,可以控制他人对自己的姓名、肖像及其他类似物进行的商业性利用行为,或制止他人不公平盗用。游戏开发商,享有第一修正案规定的言论自由及出版自由权。游戏商主张将橄榄球运动员的肖像使用于表达性作品(视频游戏),这一行为受宪法第一修正案的保护。本案的焦点在于,视频游戏商的使用行为是否满足第一修正案的保护条件。法院在进行“转换性使用”测试后认为,由于在视频游戏商创造原告运动员虚拟形象的领域,原告运动员已经有了很高的公众认知度,游戏商的抗辩主张不能成立。
U.S. Federal Ninth Circuit Court of Cassation Case No .: 724 F.3d 1268 Judgment: July 31, 2013 Note Rugby players have the right to the image to control the commercial exploitation of their names, portraits and other similar objects Act, or stop others from being unfairly misused. Game developers enjoy freedom of expression and freedom of press as defined in the First Amendment. Game merchants advocate the use of portraits of rugby players in expressive work (video games), a move protected by the First Amendment. The focus of this case is on whether the use of video game merchants meets the protection requirements of the First Amendment. After the court conducted a “transitional use” test, the court held that because the plaintiff athletes already had a high degree of public awareness in the field of creating the virtual image of plaintiff athletes for video gamers, the defenses of the game makers could not be established.