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从一段科学史故事谈起在讲具体的问题之前,先让我们来回忆一下科学史上的一段故事。在18世纪和19世纪,由于Lagrange等创立了分析力学和 Maxwel电磁场方程的建立,使人们感到物理图象正朝着愈来愈简单、愈来愈统一的方向发展。这种发展趋势使当时的一些物理学家对物理学上已经取得的成就抱着相当乐观和自信的态度,甚至认为后人的工作只是一些修修补补或具体应用的事了。例如,在能量守恒和转换定律方面作出过杰出贡献的Joule就曾劝他的学生Planck不要再从事物理了,似乎在物理领域已不可能再有什么大的作为了。又如,曾经对热力学第二定律作出过精辟论述的 Kelvin,在人类进入20世纪的新年贺词中就公开宣称:“在已
Speaking from a story of science history Before we talk about specific issues, let us recall a story in the history of science. In the 18th and 19th centuries, because of the establishment of analytical mechanics and the establishment of Maxwell’s electromagnetic field equations by Lagrange et al., People felt that the physical image was moving toward a simpler and more unified direction. This trend of development led some physicists of the time to have a rather optimistic and confident attitude toward the achievements that have been made in physics. They even thought that future generations’ work should only be a matter of tinkering with or applying concretely. For example, Joule, who made an outstanding contribution to conservation of energy and the law of conversion, had advised his student Planck not to work on physics anymore, and it seems unlikely that any further work will be done in the physical field. In another example, Kelvin, who once gave a brilliant account of the second law of thermodynamics, openly declared in the New Year message that mankind entered the 20th century: