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有些句子都由that引导，都跟在名词之后，为什么有的是同位语从句，有的是定语从句呢？
答：同位语从句和定语从句都可以用that which when where等词引导，这两个从句在构成上有很大的相似性，需要了解其意义，看其结构，分析其逻辑关系，并记住关键词。
1. 意义不同。同位语从句是对名词进行补充说明，定语从句是对名词进行修饰限制。如：
The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody. 实际上他什么也没说令大家感到惊奇。（that引导的同位语从句对the fact进行补充说明）
This is the fact that you must know clearly. 这是你必须清楚知道的事实。（that引导的定语从句对the fact 进行修饰限制）
2. 结构不同。引导同位语从句的是连接词，如：who what which when where how why whether等；引导定语从句的是关系词，如：who whom whose that which as when where why how such ... as the same ... as等。
3. 逻辑关系不同。同位语从句所说明的名词与从句没有逻辑关系，定语从句所限制的名词是从句逻辑上的主语、宾语、表语、状语等。如：
I have no idea when he was killed. 我不知道他是什么时候被害的。（同位语从句，when与idea没有逻辑关系）
I still remember the day when he was killed. 我还记得他被害的那一天。（定语从句，when=on the day）
4. 引导同位语从句的连词不可省略，引导定语从句的关系词作宾语时可以省略。如：
The news that they won the match is true. 他们比赛获胜的消息是真的。（同位语从句，that不可省略）
The news that you told us yesterday is true. 你昨天给我讲的消息是真的。（定语从句，that是told的逻辑宾语，可以省略）
5. 关键词不同。同位语从句大多数跟在belief， fact， hope， idea， doubt， news， problem， information， message， promise， question， order， suggestion， story， thought， truth， word等名词之后。如：
Word came that Mr. Wang will be in change of our class. 消息传来说王老师要带我们班。（同位语从句，句中谓语太短，可将谓语置于从句前）
He got a message form Mr. Smith that the manager couldn’t come that afternoon. 他从史密斯先生那儿获知，经理那天下午无法前来。（同位语从句，句中状语太短，可将状语置于从句前）
也就是说，同位语从句相当于名词，它是前面名词的内容的具体表述；定语从句相当于形容词，它对先行词起修饰和限定的作用。
there be结构要注意哪些问题？
答：1. there be结构中的谓语动词可以是be going to/seem to/happen to/used to/be likely to/...+be。如：
There isn’t going to be any meeting tonight.
There seems to be something wrong with it.
There happened to be a taxi nearly.
There is likely to be a storm.
2. there be句型中的be可以换成live， exist， sit， stand， lie， go， run， flow等不及物动词。如：
There once lived an old man by the river.
There stands our teaching building between two rows of the trees.
There goes the bell.
There lies a temple at the foot of the mountain.
3. there be结构的非限定形式there to be和 there being在句中可作主语、宾语和状语。具体如下：
（1）作主语。there being结构相当于名词，直接位于句首作主语；there to be+词组作主语用for引导，通常用it作形式主语。如：
There being a bus stop near the house is a great advantage.
It’s impossible for there to be any life on the moon.
（2）作宾语。there to be结构常作动词expect， like， mean， intend， want， refer， hate及介词for的宾语；而there being常作其他介词的宾语。如： We expect there to be no argument.
Jack would like there to be another chance.
The teacher was waiting for there to be complete silence.
I never dreamed of there being any chance for me to try.
（3）作状语。there being结构常用作原因状语， 而there to be一般不作状语。如：
There being nobody in the room， he didn’t go in.
There being no further business， the chairman closed the meeting.
There being nothing else to do， we went home.
“介词+关系代词”即“介词+whom/which”引导定语从句应注意的事项有哪些？
答：1. 介词的选用至少要考虑与先行词的搭配关系及与谓语动词的搭配习惯。
I will never forget the day on which I joined the army.
I will never forget the days during which I worked in the school.
I will never forget the year in which my son went to college.
I got home at 7：00 p.m. yesterday， by which most people had had supper.
Have you found the book for which I paid 29 US dollars？
Have you found the book on which I spent 29 US dollars？
Have you found the book from which we learnt a lot？
Have you found the book about which she often talks？
2. “介词+whom/which”与“whom/which/that/…+介词”的转换。
The chair on which she is sitting is made of wood.
The chair （which/that） she is sitting on is made of wood.
Is this the book which you are looking for？
注意：介词for不能与look分开。
3. way作先行词。
The way （in which/that） he looks at the problems is wrong.
4. 表示所有关系及整体中的一部分或全部时，用介词of，有时可用whose转换。
There are 100 teachers in our school， of whom 60 are women teachers.
He has three children， two of whom work as teachers.
That table has four legs， all of which are very short.
I’m painting a house， the roof of which is round.
比较：They live in a house， whose windows face south.
They live in a house， the windows of which face south.
直接引语变为间接引语时，在哪些情况下时态不变化？
答：1. 直接引语是客观真理。如：
“The earth moves around the sun，”the teacher said.→The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun.
2. 直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如：
Mary said. “John， where were you going when I met you in the street？”→Mary asked John where was going when he met him in the street.
3. 直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。
4. 直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。如：
He said， “I get up at six every morning.”→He said he gets up at six every morning.
5. 如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（ought to， had better， used to）和已经是过去时的形式时（could， should， would， might）不再变。如： Peter said. “You had better come have today.”→Peter said I had better go there that day.
as作连词的用法有哪些？
答：若as引导状语从句：
1. 引导时间状语从句，表示“当……的时候”。如：
As he grew older， he became more bad-tempered. 随着年龄的增长，他的脾气越来越坏。
Jim called （just） as I was leaving. 我正要离开时，吉姆打电话来。
2. 引导原因状语从句，表示“由于”，“因为”。如：
As you weren’t in， I left a message. 因为你不在，所以我留了个条子。
3. 引导方式状语从句，表示“按照”，“如同”。如：
Do as I say. 按我说的去做。
Do as you see good. 你认为怎么好就怎么去做。
4. 引导比较状语从句，表示“像什么一样”。如：
Frank works in the same office as my sister does. 富兰克和我妹妹在同一个办公室上班。
5. 引导让步状语从句，表示“虽然”，“尽管”。如：
Young as he is， he understands much. 尽管他年轻，但他懂得不少知识。
Try as she might， she couldn’t get the door open. 不管她怎样努力，她都无法将门打开。
Much as I would like to help， I have a lot to do. 尽管我很想帮助，可是我有很多事情要做。
在这种情况下，常用上面三种倒装语序。
若as引导定语从句：
1. 当先行词前有as， the same， such修饰时，常用as引导定语从句，as在定语从句中是关系代词，在从句中as可作主语，宾语，表语。如：
As many members as were present agreed to the plan. 现场有多少人，就有多少人同意这一计划。（as作主语）
It is so heavy a box as no man can lift. 这是没有哪个能搬得起来的一个箱子。（as作宾语）
I told him the same story as/that you told me. 我向他讲了和你昨天讲给我的一样的故事。（as作宾语）
Such a man as he is is not easy to get along with. 像他这样的人不大容易相处。（as作表语）
试比较：
It is such a heavy stone as no one can lift. （as引导定语从句）
It is such a heavy stone that no one can life it. （that引导结果状语从句）
此外，as引导非限制性的定语从句，意思是“正如”。如：
The elephant is more like a snake， as anybody can see. 正如任何人可以看得见，这头象更像一条蛇。
As is known to us all， Taiwan is part of China. 如同我们大家都知道，台湾是中国的一部分。
常用的结构有：as we all know， as we see， as we expect， as is well-known， as often happens， as has been said before等。
答：同位语从句和定语从句都可以用that which when where等词引导，这两个从句在构成上有很大的相似性，需要了解其意义，看其结构，分析其逻辑关系，并记住关键词。
1. 意义不同。同位语从句是对名词进行补充说明，定语从句是对名词进行修饰限制。如：
The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody. 实际上他什么也没说令大家感到惊奇。（that引导的同位语从句对the fact进行补充说明）
This is the fact that you must know clearly. 这是你必须清楚知道的事实。（that引导的定语从句对the fact 进行修饰限制）
2. 结构不同。引导同位语从句的是连接词，如：who what which when where how why whether等；引导定语从句的是关系词，如：who whom whose that which as when where why how such ... as the same ... as等。
3. 逻辑关系不同。同位语从句所说明的名词与从句没有逻辑关系，定语从句所限制的名词是从句逻辑上的主语、宾语、表语、状语等。如：
I have no idea when he was killed. 我不知道他是什么时候被害的。（同位语从句，when与idea没有逻辑关系）
I still remember the day when he was killed. 我还记得他被害的那一天。（定语从句，when=on the day）
4. 引导同位语从句的连词不可省略，引导定语从句的关系词作宾语时可以省略。如：
The news that they won the match is true. 他们比赛获胜的消息是真的。（同位语从句，that不可省略）
The news that you told us yesterday is true. 你昨天给我讲的消息是真的。（定语从句，that是told的逻辑宾语，可以省略）
5. 关键词不同。同位语从句大多数跟在belief， fact， hope， idea， doubt， news， problem， information， message， promise， question， order， suggestion， story， thought， truth， word等名词之后。如：
Word came that Mr. Wang will be in change of our class. 消息传来说王老师要带我们班。（同位语从句，句中谓语太短，可将谓语置于从句前）
He got a message form Mr. Smith that the manager couldn’t come that afternoon. 他从史密斯先生那儿获知，经理那天下午无法前来。（同位语从句，句中状语太短，可将状语置于从句前）
也就是说，同位语从句相当于名词，它是前面名词的内容的具体表述；定语从句相当于形容词，它对先行词起修饰和限定的作用。
there be结构要注意哪些问题？
答：1. there be结构中的谓语动词可以是be going to/seem to/happen to/used to/be likely to/...+be。如：
There isn’t going to be any meeting tonight.
There seems to be something wrong with it.
There happened to be a taxi nearly.
There is likely to be a storm.
2. there be句型中的be可以换成live， exist， sit， stand， lie， go， run， flow等不及物动词。如：
There once lived an old man by the river.
There stands our teaching building between two rows of the trees.
There goes the bell.
There lies a temple at the foot of the mountain.
3. there be结构的非限定形式there to be和 there being在句中可作主语、宾语和状语。具体如下：
（1）作主语。there being结构相当于名词，直接位于句首作主语；there to be+词组作主语用for引导，通常用it作形式主语。如：
There being a bus stop near the house is a great advantage.
It’s impossible for there to be any life on the moon.
（2）作宾语。there to be结构常作动词expect， like， mean， intend， want， refer， hate及介词for的宾语；而there being常作其他介词的宾语。如： We expect there to be no argument.
Jack would like there to be another chance.
The teacher was waiting for there to be complete silence.
I never dreamed of there being any chance for me to try.
（3）作状语。there being结构常用作原因状语， 而there to be一般不作状语。如：
There being nobody in the room， he didn’t go in.
There being no further business， the chairman closed the meeting.
There being nothing else to do， we went home.
“介词+关系代词”即“介词+whom/which”引导定语从句应注意的事项有哪些？
答：1. 介词的选用至少要考虑与先行词的搭配关系及与谓语动词的搭配习惯。
I will never forget the day on which I joined the army.
I will never forget the days during which I worked in the school.
I will never forget the year in which my son went to college.
I got home at 7：00 p.m. yesterday， by which most people had had supper.
Have you found the book for which I paid 29 US dollars？
Have you found the book on which I spent 29 US dollars？
Have you found the book from which we learnt a lot？
Have you found the book about which she often talks？
2. “介词+whom/which”与“whom/which/that/…+介词”的转换。
The chair on which she is sitting is made of wood.
The chair （which/that） she is sitting on is made of wood.
Is this the book which you are looking for？
注意：介词for不能与look分开。
3. way作先行词。
The way （in which/that） he looks at the problems is wrong.
4. 表示所有关系及整体中的一部分或全部时，用介词of，有时可用whose转换。
There are 100 teachers in our school， of whom 60 are women teachers.
He has three children， two of whom work as teachers.
That table has four legs， all of which are very short.
I’m painting a house， the roof of which is round.
比较：They live in a house， whose windows face south.
They live in a house， the windows of which face south.
直接引语变为间接引语时，在哪些情况下时态不变化？
答：1. 直接引语是客观真理。如：
“The earth moves around the sun，”the teacher said.→The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun.
2. 直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如：
Mary said. “John， where were you going when I met you in the street？”→Mary asked John where was going when he met him in the street.
3. 直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。
4. 直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。如：
He said， “I get up at six every morning.”→He said he gets up at six every morning.
5. 如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（ought to， had better， used to）和已经是过去时的形式时（could， should， would， might）不再变。如： Peter said. “You had better come have today.”→Peter said I had better go there that day.
as作连词的用法有哪些？
答：若as引导状语从句：
1. 引导时间状语从句，表示“当……的时候”。如：
As he grew older， he became more bad-tempered. 随着年龄的增长，他的脾气越来越坏。
Jim called （just） as I was leaving. 我正要离开时，吉姆打电话来。
2. 引导原因状语从句，表示“由于”，“因为”。如：
As you weren’t in， I left a message. 因为你不在，所以我留了个条子。
3. 引导方式状语从句，表示“按照”，“如同”。如：
Do as I say. 按我说的去做。
Do as you see good. 你认为怎么好就怎么去做。
4. 引导比较状语从句，表示“像什么一样”。如：
Frank works in the same office as my sister does. 富兰克和我妹妹在同一个办公室上班。
5. 引导让步状语从句，表示“虽然”，“尽管”。如：
Young as he is， he understands much. 尽管他年轻，但他懂得不少知识。
Try as she might， she couldn’t get the door open. 不管她怎样努力，她都无法将门打开。
Much as I would like to help， I have a lot to do. 尽管我很想帮助，可是我有很多事情要做。
在这种情况下，常用上面三种倒装语序。
若as引导定语从句：
1. 当先行词前有as， the same， such修饰时，常用as引导定语从句，as在定语从句中是关系代词，在从句中as可作主语，宾语，表语。如：
As many members as were present agreed to the plan. 现场有多少人，就有多少人同意这一计划。（as作主语）
It is so heavy a box as no man can lift. 这是没有哪个能搬得起来的一个箱子。（as作宾语）
I told him the same story as/that you told me. 我向他讲了和你昨天讲给我的一样的故事。（as作宾语）
Such a man as he is is not easy to get along with. 像他这样的人不大容易相处。（as作表语）
试比较：
It is such a heavy stone as no one can lift. （as引导定语从句）
It is such a heavy stone that no one can life it. （that引导结果状语从句）
此外，as引导非限制性的定语从句，意思是“正如”。如：
The elephant is more like a snake， as anybody can see. 正如任何人可以看得见，这头象更像一条蛇。
As is known to us all， Taiwan is part of China. 如同我们大家都知道，台湾是中国的一部分。
常用的结构有：as we all know， as we see， as we expect， as is well-known， as often happens， as has been said before等。