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社会的凝聚和秩序的维系需要一般的规范,行为要达到最低限度的正当性,也离不开普遍的当然之则。一般的规范既对行为具有普遍的范导意义,又为行为的评价提供了基本的准则,它在道德实践中往往更接近可操作的层面,因而有其不可忽视的意义。德性的形成总是需要经历一个长期的过程,相对于明其规范,成其德性似乎是一种更高的要求;就行为而言,较之对规范的依循,出乎德性也无疑是一种更不易达到的境界。无论从个体抑或社会的角度看,停留于依循外在规范这样一个“底线”的层面显然是不够的,这不仅在于仅此难以达到完善的道德关系,而且当规范仅仅以外在的形式存在时,其现实的作用本身往往缺乏内在的担保。行为的普遍指向与评价的普遍准则离不开一般的规范,而规范的现实有效性又与德性联系在一起。
The cohesion of society and the maintenance of order need general norms, and acts must reach the minimum justification, and they can not be separated from the universal principle. The general norms not only have universal norm-meanings on behaviors, but also provide basic criteria for the evaluation of behaviors. They are often closer to the operable level in moral practice and therefore have their own meaning. The formation of virtue always needs to go through a long process. Compared with its norms, it seems that morality is a higher requirement. In terms of behavior, there is no doubt that it is more moral than morality to follow norms. Is a more difficult to reach the realm. It is obviously not enough to stay at a “bottom line” of external norms, both individually and socially, not only in this difficult attainment of a perfect moral relationship, but also when norm exists only in an extrinsic form, Its realistic role often lacks intrinsic guarantees. The general guideline of behavior and the general criterion of evaluation can not be separated from the general norms, and the actual effectiveness of norms is connected with virtue.