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本文围绕西方经济学理论发展和演变的主线——市场机制和政府干预这两种调节手段相对重要性的交互轮替,梳理了西方经济学理论和西方国家经济政策实践的演变。最早形成政府干预经济的理论和政策主张的是重商主义,该理论以增进民族国家利益为目标而主张国家通过贸易保护主义增加国家财富。从古典经济学产生到1929～1933年的“大危机”之前,主张自由放任、反对政府干预经济的思想一直都处于统治地位。凯恩斯革命之后,现代政府干预主义成为西方国家政府制定政策的依据,重视通过宏观经济政策调节以实现经济的稳定增长。新自由主义登上西方经济学的前沿阵地以来,主张政府少干预经济成为世界许多国家政府的主导思想。在全球化和信息化的背景下,政府应该在弥补市场失灵的基本原则下调整和界定政府的经济职能。
This dissertation focuses on the alternation of the relative importance of market regulation and government intervention, which is the main line of the development and evolution of western economic theory. It combs the evolution of western economic theory and the practice of economic policies in western countries. The earliest theory and policy advocated by the government in intervening economy were mercantilism, which advocated that the state should increase state wealth through trade protectionism with the goal of enhancing the interests of nation-state. From the classical economics to the Great Crisis from 1929 to 1933, the idea of laissez faire laissez-faire opposition to government intervention in the economy has always been in the dominance. After the Keynes revolution, the modern government interventionism became the basis for the western governments to formulate policies, attaching importance to the steady economic growth through macroeconomic policy adjustments. Since neoliberal boarded the forefront of Western economics, it has argued that the government should seldom interfere in the economy and become the dominant ideology of many countries in the world. Under the background of globalization and informationization, the government should adjust and define the economic functions of the government under the basic principle of making up for the market failure.