论文部分内容阅读
焦点一､ 连词 if 与 whether 的选用
if 和 whether 都可以用作连词,引导宾语从句,意为“是否”,但它们在句中不作任何句子成分｡ if 多用于口语和非正式文体中, whether 多用于比较正式的文体中｡一般情况下,两者可以互换使用｡但在下列情况下,只能用 whether,而不能用if｡
1. 在介词后面｡例如:
We’re talking about whether the plan is good enough. 我们正在讨论那个计划是否足够好｡
2. 在动词不定式前面｡例如:
He can’t decide whether to go for a holiday in the south or not. 他不能决定是否去南方度假｡
3. 直接与 or not 连用｡例如:
No one can exactly know whether or not it is sunny tomorrow. 没有人确切地知道明天是否是晴天｡
4. 在动词 discuss 的后面｡例如:
Did you discuss whether you’ll have a hike next week? 你们讨论下周是否去郊游了吗?
请注意: whether 还可以引导主语从句和表语从句,而 if 则不能｡例如:
The question is whether he is fit for the job. 问题是他能否胜任此项工作｡
if 可以引导否定的宾语从句,而 whether 则不能｡例如:
Mrs Smith asked her son if he hadn’t told her the truth. 史密斯夫人问她的儿子是不是他没有把事情的真相告诉她｡
焦点二､ 宾语从句的时态
宾语从句谓语动词的时态一般要受主句谓语动词时态的影响｡当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时时,宾语从句的谓语动词可以根据具体情况使用适当的时态;当主句的谓语动词是一般过去时时,宾语从句的谓语动词应使用相应的过去时态｡但当宾语从句表示的是名言､客观真理或自然现象等时,从句谓语动词的时态一般不受主句谓语动词时态的限制,习惯上使用一般现在时｡例如:
I wonder how she came back yesterday. 我想知道她昨天是如何回来的｡
She said that they would go for a picnic. 她说她们要去野餐｡
Andy told her son that leaves turn yellow in autumn. 安迪告诉她的儿子树叶在秋天会变黄｡
焦点三､ 宾语从句的语序
由 if, whether, how, when, where 等连接词引导的宾语从句用陈述句语序,即:连接词+主语+谓语｡例如:
What did he say? I want to know.(将两个句子合成一个句子)→I want to know what he said. 我想知道他说了些什么｡
当 what 和 who 在原来的句子中作主语,那么变为宾语从句时,还用原来的语序｡例如:
What has happened to the Green family? Do you know? →Do you know what has happened to the Green family? 你知道格林家发生了什么事吗?
Who has finished the composition? The teacher asks. →The teacher asks who has finished the composition. 老师问谁已经写完了作文｡
焦点四､ 宾语从句中的否定前移
当主句的主语是第一人称,谓语动词是 think, suppose, guess, believe, imagine 等时,若宾语从句表示否定意义,通常将否定词 not 前移到主句谓语部分中去｡例如:
She doesn’t like swimming. I think. →I don’t think she likes swimming. 我想她不喜欢游泳｡
Mary hasn’t been to Japan. We guess. →We don’t guess Mary has been to Japan. 我们猜测玛丽没有去过日本｡
焦点五､ 宾语从句与动词不定式(短语)的转换
1. 当 hope, agree, wish, decide, choose, promise 等动词后面接 that 引导的宾语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时,宾语从句可转换成动词不定式(短语)｡例如:
Father promised that he would buy a new computer for me. →Father promised to buy a new computer for me.
2. 当 know, tell, forget, remember, learn, explain, consider 等动词作主句谓语动词,其后接连接代词/副词引导的宾语从句,并且从句的主语与主句的主语一致时,宾语从句可转换成“连接代词/副词+动词不定式(短语)”结构｡例如:
We don’t know what we should do next. →We don’t know what to do next.
3. 当 tell, ask, show, teach 等动词作主句谓语动词,其后接双宾语,且直接宾语是连接代词/副词引导的宾语从句(从句主语与主句的间接宾语一致)时,宾语从句可转换成“连接代词/副词+动词不定式(短语)”结构｡例如:
She asked me which skirt she should chose. →She asked me which skirt to choose.
注意:在以上三种情况中,宾语从句的谓语动词动词多表示将来意义｡
4. 在 suppose, feel, think, believe, find 等动词后的宾语从句可以转换成含有不定式短语的复合宾语｡
(1) 宾语从句的主语转换成宾语,从句的谓语部分转换成宾语补足语,即为动词不定式短语“to be+形容词/名词”｡例如:
I find that the plan is unrealistic. →I find the plan(to be) unrealistic. 我觉得这个计划不符合实际｡
(2) 宾语从句“it is +形容词/名词+动词不定式短语”转换成“it(形式宾语)+形容词/名词(宾语补足语)+动词不定式短语(宾语)”的复合宾语｡例如:
We find it is difficult to please her. →We find it difficult to please her. 我们发现很难取悦她｡
if 和 whether 都可以用作连词,引导宾语从句,意为“是否”,但它们在句中不作任何句子成分｡ if 多用于口语和非正式文体中, whether 多用于比较正式的文体中｡一般情况下,两者可以互换使用｡但在下列情况下,只能用 whether,而不能用if｡
1. 在介词后面｡例如:
We’re talking about whether the plan is good enough. 我们正在讨论那个计划是否足够好｡
2. 在动词不定式前面｡例如:
He can’t decide whether to go for a holiday in the south or not. 他不能决定是否去南方度假｡
3. 直接与 or not 连用｡例如:
No one can exactly know whether or not it is sunny tomorrow. 没有人确切地知道明天是否是晴天｡
4. 在动词 discuss 的后面｡例如:
Did you discuss whether you’ll have a hike next week? 你们讨论下周是否去郊游了吗?
请注意: whether 还可以引导主语从句和表语从句,而 if 则不能｡例如:
The question is whether he is fit for the job. 问题是他能否胜任此项工作｡
if 可以引导否定的宾语从句,而 whether 则不能｡例如:
Mrs Smith asked her son if he hadn’t told her the truth. 史密斯夫人问她的儿子是不是他没有把事情的真相告诉她｡
焦点二､ 宾语从句的时态
宾语从句谓语动词的时态一般要受主句谓语动词时态的影响｡当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时时,宾语从句的谓语动词可以根据具体情况使用适当的时态;当主句的谓语动词是一般过去时时,宾语从句的谓语动词应使用相应的过去时态｡但当宾语从句表示的是名言､客观真理或自然现象等时,从句谓语动词的时态一般不受主句谓语动词时态的限制,习惯上使用一般现在时｡例如:
I wonder how she came back yesterday. 我想知道她昨天是如何回来的｡
She said that they would go for a picnic. 她说她们要去野餐｡
Andy told her son that leaves turn yellow in autumn. 安迪告诉她的儿子树叶在秋天会变黄｡
焦点三､ 宾语从句的语序
由 if, whether, how, when, where 等连接词引导的宾语从句用陈述句语序,即:连接词+主语+谓语｡例如:
What did he say? I want to know.(将两个句子合成一个句子)→I want to know what he said. 我想知道他说了些什么｡
当 what 和 who 在原来的句子中作主语,那么变为宾语从句时,还用原来的语序｡例如:
What has happened to the Green family? Do you know? →Do you know what has happened to the Green family? 你知道格林家发生了什么事吗?
Who has finished the composition? The teacher asks. →The teacher asks who has finished the composition. 老师问谁已经写完了作文｡
焦点四､ 宾语从句中的否定前移
当主句的主语是第一人称,谓语动词是 think, suppose, guess, believe, imagine 等时,若宾语从句表示否定意义,通常将否定词 not 前移到主句谓语部分中去｡例如:
She doesn’t like swimming. I think. →I don’t think she likes swimming. 我想她不喜欢游泳｡
Mary hasn’t been to Japan. We guess. →We don’t guess Mary has been to Japan. 我们猜测玛丽没有去过日本｡
焦点五､ 宾语从句与动词不定式(短语)的转换
1. 当 hope, agree, wish, decide, choose, promise 等动词后面接 that 引导的宾语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时,宾语从句可转换成动词不定式(短语)｡例如:
Father promised that he would buy a new computer for me. →Father promised to buy a new computer for me.
2. 当 know, tell, forget, remember, learn, explain, consider 等动词作主句谓语动词,其后接连接代词/副词引导的宾语从句,并且从句的主语与主句的主语一致时,宾语从句可转换成“连接代词/副词+动词不定式(短语)”结构｡例如:
We don’t know what we should do next. →We don’t know what to do next.
3. 当 tell, ask, show, teach 等动词作主句谓语动词,其后接双宾语,且直接宾语是连接代词/副词引导的宾语从句(从句主语与主句的间接宾语一致)时,宾语从句可转换成“连接代词/副词+动词不定式(短语)”结构｡例如:
She asked me which skirt she should chose. →She asked me which skirt to choose.
注意:在以上三种情况中,宾语从句的谓语动词动词多表示将来意义｡
4. 在 suppose, feel, think, believe, find 等动词后的宾语从句可以转换成含有不定式短语的复合宾语｡
(1) 宾语从句的主语转换成宾语,从句的谓语部分转换成宾语补足语,即为动词不定式短语“to be+形容词/名词”｡例如:
I find that the plan is unrealistic. →I find the plan(to be) unrealistic. 我觉得这个计划不符合实际｡
(2) 宾语从句“it is +形容词/名词+动词不定式短语”转换成“it(形式宾语)+形容词/名词(宾语补足语)+动词不定式短语(宾语)”的复合宾语｡例如:
We find it is difficult to please her. →We find it difficult to please her. 我们发现很难取悦她｡