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Time dependent carbon transfer coefficients are estimated using ecosystem exchange data by minimizing over variable observational intervals,Kalman filter,and variational minimization techniques.Transfer coefficients are determined by application of estimation procedures to subintervals from a partition of the observational time period,minimizing the variance of analyzed errors without the imposition of a priori transfer coefficient models in Kalman filters,and minimization with respect to transfer coefficients in variational fit-to-data functionals.Results are compared between methods and seasonal variability is observed in the transfer coefficients.