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一、句子结构不完整
不完整的句子指以大写字母开头,以句号、问号或感叹号结束但缺主语或谓语等的句子。它有以下几种情形。
1.从句
从句只是句子的一个成分——状语、定语、主语、宾语、表语、同位语,它不能独立成句,除非把从句的引导词去掉。如:First,we would have more roads built.Because with the increase of the cars,our roads now become more and more crowded.应改为First,we would have more roads built because with the increase of the cars,our roads now become more and more crowded.或First,we would have more roads built.With the increase of the cars,our roads now become more and more crowded.
2.词组
即把词组当作一个句子用,但由于词组经常没有谓语,所以不能独立成句。如:There are three people in my family. My farther,my mother and I.应改为There are three people in my family:my farther,my mother and I.
二、谓语动词与非谓语动词不分
谓语动词以具体的时态、人称、数出现,在句中作谓语,如:He works as a doctor in the town hospital.其中谓语works呈现为一般现在时、第三人称、单数。而非谓语动词以不定式、-ing形式、ed形式出现(to do,doing,done),在句中作“非谓语”,即除谓语以外的其他句子成分。如:Compare with those onechild families,my family is rare at present.应改为Compared with those onechild families,my family is rare at present.
三、代词使用错误
1.人称和数前后不一致
如:When I was a young girl,my mother always told me that you should do this or do that.应改为When I was a young girl,my mother always told me that I should do this or do that.
2.指代不清
如:There are a lot of flowers in the gardens.They are very beautiful.应改为There are a lot of beautiful flowers in the gardens.或There are a lot of flowers in the beautiful gardens.
四、词的用法与所用句型不配套
如:Because in our city there are a lot of factories and many cars,so the air is very dirty.应改为Because in our city there are a lot of factories and many cars ,the air is very dirty.或In our city there are a lot of factories and many cars,so the air is very dirty.(because 引导从句,连接主从结构,表示主从关系,而so 连接并列结构,表示并列关系,所以不能同时出现在一个句子里,这和although与but的关系一样。)
又如:I hope some chance to improve myself.应改为I hope for some chance to improve myself.(可以用hope to do sth, hope 宾语从句或hope for sth,但没有hope sth的结构。)
五、词形错误(如名词的单复数)、词性的错误等
如:There are high building,expressway and so on.应改为There are high buildings,expressways and so on.
六、对一些词、词组的特殊用法没有掌握而犯的错误
如:I very like studying English.应改为I like studying English very much.
七、省略不当
省略是为了使语言简洁,但省略须遵循一定规律,否则将引起结构错误。省略的规律很简单:去掉完全重复的部分,或去掉前面部分,或去掉后面部分。以下两种情形不能省略:
1.没有重复的成分
2.有些词看似重复,实则充当不同成分
八、表达不准确,局限于中文思维,不符合英文表达习惯
如:My friends think me lively while strangers think me like keeping silent.应改为My friends find me lively while the people who don’t know me well find me quiet.
总之,在用英语表达时,除了要注意语法是否正确外,还要考虑表达方式是否得体,是否符合英语习惯。另外,还应注意句子、句与句之间以及整个语篇的逻辑意义是否正确。只有这样,才会写出规范、地道、逻辑性强的文章来,在考试中取得高分。
(责任编辑 周侯辰)
不完整的句子指以大写字母开头,以句号、问号或感叹号结束但缺主语或谓语等的句子。它有以下几种情形。
1.从句
从句只是句子的一个成分——状语、定语、主语、宾语、表语、同位语,它不能独立成句,除非把从句的引导词去掉。如:First,we would have more roads built.Because with the increase of the cars,our roads now become more and more crowded.应改为First,we would have more roads built because with the increase of the cars,our roads now become more and more crowded.或First,we would have more roads built.With the increase of the cars,our roads now become more and more crowded.
2.词组
即把词组当作一个句子用,但由于词组经常没有谓语,所以不能独立成句。如:There are three people in my family. My farther,my mother and I.应改为There are three people in my family:my farther,my mother and I.
二、谓语动词与非谓语动词不分
谓语动词以具体的时态、人称、数出现,在句中作谓语,如:He works as a doctor in the town hospital.其中谓语works呈现为一般现在时、第三人称、单数。而非谓语动词以不定式、-ing形式、ed形式出现(to do,doing,done),在句中作“非谓语”,即除谓语以外的其他句子成分。如:Compare with those onechild families,my family is rare at present.应改为Compared with those onechild families,my family is rare at present.
三、代词使用错误
1.人称和数前后不一致
如:When I was a young girl,my mother always told me that you should do this or do that.应改为When I was a young girl,my mother always told me that I should do this or do that.
2.指代不清
如:There are a lot of flowers in the gardens.They are very beautiful.应改为There are a lot of beautiful flowers in the gardens.或There are a lot of flowers in the beautiful gardens.
四、词的用法与所用句型不配套
如:Because in our city there are a lot of factories and many cars,so the air is very dirty.应改为Because in our city there are a lot of factories and many cars ,the air is very dirty.或In our city there are a lot of factories and many cars,so the air is very dirty.(because 引导从句,连接主从结构,表示主从关系,而so 连接并列结构,表示并列关系,所以不能同时出现在一个句子里,这和although与but的关系一样。)
又如:I hope some chance to improve myself.应改为I hope for some chance to improve myself.(可以用hope to do sth, hope 宾语从句或hope for sth,但没有hope sth的结构。)
五、词形错误(如名词的单复数)、词性的错误等
如:There are high building,expressway and so on.应改为There are high buildings,expressways and so on.
六、对一些词、词组的特殊用法没有掌握而犯的错误
如:I very like studying English.应改为I like studying English very much.
七、省略不当
省略是为了使语言简洁,但省略须遵循一定规律,否则将引起结构错误。省略的规律很简单:去掉完全重复的部分,或去掉前面部分,或去掉后面部分。以下两种情形不能省略:
1.没有重复的成分
2.有些词看似重复,实则充当不同成分
八、表达不准确,局限于中文思维,不符合英文表达习惯
如:My friends think me lively while strangers think me like keeping silent.应改为My friends find me lively while the people who don’t know me well find me quiet.
总之,在用英语表达时,除了要注意语法是否正确外,还要考虑表达方式是否得体,是否符合英语习惯。另外,还应注意句子、句与句之间以及整个语篇的逻辑意义是否正确。只有这样,才会写出规范、地道、逻辑性强的文章来,在考试中取得高分。
(责任编辑 周侯辰)