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19世纪末20世纪初,中国社会开始由封建社会向现代社会转型。1840年和1857年两次鸦片战争,帝国主义的坚船利炮打开了封闭的天朝帝国的大门,西方的文化学术伴随着再次进入中国。明清之际,传教士曾以温和的方式输入西方的宗教、文化、科技,而这一次则是伴随着政治、军事、经济强行输入文化、科技和学术。中国的知识分子开始积极寻觅使中国富强的道路,随之而起的是洋务运动和改良主义运动的蓬勃兴起。 19世纪60年代产生的洋务主义是在战争的血海中发轫成长起来的,是一种意在维护原封建统治阶级的运动和思想,但客观上对中国资本主义的成长和发展起了刺激作用。洋
From the late 19th century to early 20th century, Chinese society started to transform from feudal society to modern society. In the two Opium Wars in 1840 and 1857, the imperialist gunboats opened the door to a closed empire of heaven and the imperialism. Western cultural and academic exchanges came into China again. On the occasion of the Ming and Qing dynasties, missionaries imported western religions, cultures and technologies in a mild manner. This time, however, they forced the import of culture, science and technology along with politics, military affairs and economy. Chinese intellectuals began to actively seek ways to make China prosperous and strong, followed by the rise of the Westernization Movement and the reformist movement. The Westernization doctrine that emerged in the 1860s grew up in the blood of the war and was a movement and thought aimed at preserving the original feudal ruling class. However, it objectively stimulated the growth and development of China’s capitalism. foreign