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改革开放前,中国的对外经济引进曾经有过三次较大规模高潮,分别是:50年代第一个五年计划时期引进苏联援助的“156项”重点工程,70年代初期向西方国家引进成套技术设备的“43方案”,1978年签订对外引进22项重点工程的“78计划”。本文通过分析、比较、评价这三次引进高潮,概述了改革开放前中国对外引进的历程,指出国际国内背景的巨大变化是三次引进的指导思想、对象、手段、规模有显著不同的主要原因。最后得出的结论是:首先,必须根据不同的国际环境和国内需要,采取与时俱进的不同开放方式。其次,中国要想富强,必须通过与国际接轨的贸易方式在竞争中解决全面对外开放问题,闭关自守的拒绝引进或者“一边倒”式的单向引进,都只能是权宜之计。最后,引进并不是单纯的利用设备,更重要的是学习和消化,培养自己的创新能力,扶持自己的工业体系。本文所整理列举的三次对外引进项目内容,也填补了过去研究中的一些资料空白,厘清了过去一些不准确说法。
Before the reform and opening up, China’s foreign economic growth had three major upsurges: the “156” key projects with the aid of the Soviet Union during the first five-year plan of the 1950s, and the introduction of complete sets of technologies to the Western countries in the early 1970s Equipment “43 programs”, in 1978 signed a foreign introduction of 22 key projects “78 plan.” By analyzing, comparing and evaluating the three climaxes of introduction, the article outlines the course of China’s foreign introduction prior to the reform and opening up. It points out that the major changes in the international and domestic backgrounds are the three guiding principles, the major differences in the targets, the means and the scale. The final conclusion is: Firstly, we must adopt different ways of opening up with the times according to different international environments and domestic needs. Second, to become prosperous and strong, China must solve the issue of opening to the outside world through competition with international standards and refuse to introduce or “one-sided” one-way introduction through self-protection can only be an expedient measure. Finally, the introduction is not simply the use of equipment, more importantly, to learn and digest, develop their own innovative ability to support their own industrial system. The contents of the three projects cited in this article are also filled in the blank of some of the data in the past studies, clarifying some inaccuracies in the past.