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国有企业包括很多经济体。计划经济体制下,国有企业和集体企业没有市场竞争,陷入官僚化陷阱当中,导致低效率广泛存在。后来进行市场化改革,先是试行承包制,后来又进行股份制改革,国企实际上已经慢慢走上了混改之路。特别是众多国企上市,其本质上就是混改。如果从现在的时点回过头去看,有几个说法必须明确:首先,即便是在改革之前,正常的时期内,也不是所有国企都低效率,仍有部分国企高效运转。其次,市场化改革之后,国企效
State-owned enterprises include many economies. In a planned economy, state-owned enterprises and collective enterprises have no market competition and are trapped in the trap of bureaucratization, resulting in widespread inefficiency. Later, a market-oriented reform was carried out. First, the pilot contract system was put into trial and the share-holding system reform was carried out later. In fact, state-owned enterprises have slowly embarked on a road of mixed reform. In particular, many state-owned enterprises listed, in essence, is mixed. If we look back from now on, there are several explanations that must be made clear. First, even before the reform, during the normal period, not all state-owned enterprises are inefficient and some state-owned enterprises still operate efficiently. Second, after the market-oriented reform, the state-owned enterprises are effective