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From 1970 to 1979， China gradually realized a historic turn and opened up an import- ant stage for socialist development in the new era.
To clear political and ideological chaos caused by the “cultural revolution” （1966-1976） and end a long run of leftism， Chinese leaders of the era represented by Deng Xiaoping and the Chinese people made unremitting efforts. At the important historical juncture determining the future direction of China， the country held the Central Working Conference and the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China （CPC） at the end of 1978， correcting problematic leftism with guiding principles and seizing a turning point as significant as any since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949.
1970： First Satellite Launched
China’s first artificial satellite Dongfanghong-1 was successfully launched into space on April 24， 1970. The launch made China become the fifth country in the world to send a domestically produced satellite into space with a homemade rocket after the Soviet Union， the United States， France and Japan. Due to the relatively high perigee of the Dongfanghong-1， the satellite is still in orbit today.
1971： Restoration of China’s Lawful Seat in the UN
On October 25， 1971， the 26th Session of the United Nations （UN） General Assembly adopted Resolution 2758 with an overwhelming majority to restore the lawful seat of the People’s Republic of China in the UN. The proposal to restore China’s lawful seat in the UN was sponsored by 23 countries including Albania and Algeria and passed with 76 votes in favor， 35 votes against and 17 abstentions. On November 15， the delegation of the People’s Republic of China attended the UN General Assembly for the first time and was warmly received.
1972： U.S. President Nixon’s Visit to China
From February 21 to 28， 1972， upon an invitation from Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai， U.S. President Richard Nixon visited China. On February 28， the historic Shanghai Communiqué was released， announcing the normalization of relations between the two countries. The visit brought China-U.S. relations into a new era.
1973： Successful Trial of China’s First Integrated Circuit Electronic Computer On August 26， 1973， China’s first integrated circuit electronic computer， capable of making one million calculations per second， ran a successful trial. Jointly developed by Peking University， Beijing Cable Plant and then Ministry of Fuel and Chemical Industries， the computer marked a major achievement in China’s scientific and technological development and a milestone in the country’s computer development.
1974： Completion of Shengli Oilfield
On September 28， 1974， the construction of Shengli Oilfield， the second largest of its kind in China， was completed. Located in northern China， a region previously considered barren of oil， Shengli Oilfield’s construction was greatly significant in changing China’s fuel landscape and the layout of its energy industry as well as promoting the country’s economic development.
1975： Popularization of Hybrid Rice
As the most populous country on the planet， China faces the problem of a huge population and relatively meager cultivated land. Under this context， China’s hybrid rice was introduced. With strong support from the government， a research team led by Chinese scientist Yuan Longping developed indica hybrid rice seeds. In 1975， hybrid rice was approved for large-scale promotion across the country after tests. From 1976 to 1987， China’s hybrid rice production increased by more than 100 million tons， which contributed greatly to the country’s grain production. Hybrid rice solved food problems for China， where 22 percent of the world’s population live on less than 10 percent of the world’s cultivated land.
1976： Mao Zedong’s Passing
Chairman Mao Zedong， the main founder and leader of New China， passed away on September 9， 1976. The whole country fell into profound mourning. In the 10 days after his death， a total of 123 governments and heads of state sent telegrams of condolences or letters of condolences to the Chinese government. Leaders of 105 countries or their representatives went to Chinese embassies to mourn， and 53 countries dropped their national flags to half-mast. Memorial activities were held at many international organizations and conferences. On September 18， a memorial ceremony was held at Tian’anmen Square in downtown Beijing. Millions of people from all walks of life came to participate.
1977： Resumption of College Entrance Examination
In 1977， the gaokao， China’s college entrance examination， resumed after 10 years of disruption during the “cultural revolution” （1966-1976）. That winter， 5.7 million people of different ages participated in the examination. The scale of that year’s examination not only set a participation record in China， but also in the world. Destinies of many people were changed due to the resumption of the gaokao after a 10-year hiatus. It marked the dawn of a new era of respect for knowledge and professional competency.
1978： Implementation of Reform and Opening Up
The Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee held in December 1978 in Beijing is of great significance to the country. The session passed the historic decision to shift the focus of the Party and country’s work from “class struggle” to economic development. It marked the start of China’s reform and opening up and socialist modernization. Rural reform made breakthroughs， urban reform began， the opening up proceeded smoothly， and order was created out of chaos. The country was reinvigorated and revitalized.
1979： Special Economic Zones
China’s special economic zones were born in 1979， marking further development of the country’s reform and opening up. Any social change requires a breakthrough， and China’s reform， opening up and modernization were no exceptions. Soon after the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee， the Chinese government decided to establish special economic zones in Guangdong Province’s Shenzhen， Zhuhai and Shantou cities and Xiamen in Fujian Province， leveraging the provinces’ advantages of being adjacent to Hong Kong， Macao and Taiwan and boasting abundant overseas Chinese. Pictured is the Zhuhai Special Economic Zone under construction.
To clear political and ideological chaos caused by the “cultural revolution” （1966-1976） and end a long run of leftism， Chinese leaders of the era represented by Deng Xiaoping and the Chinese people made unremitting efforts. At the important historical juncture determining the future direction of China， the country held the Central Working Conference and the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China （CPC） at the end of 1978， correcting problematic leftism with guiding principles and seizing a turning point as significant as any since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949.
1970： First Satellite Launched
China’s first artificial satellite Dongfanghong-1 was successfully launched into space on April 24， 1970. The launch made China become the fifth country in the world to send a domestically produced satellite into space with a homemade rocket after the Soviet Union， the United States， France and Japan. Due to the relatively high perigee of the Dongfanghong-1， the satellite is still in orbit today.
1971： Restoration of China’s Lawful Seat in the UN
On October 25， 1971， the 26th Session of the United Nations （UN） General Assembly adopted Resolution 2758 with an overwhelming majority to restore the lawful seat of the People’s Republic of China in the UN. The proposal to restore China’s lawful seat in the UN was sponsored by 23 countries including Albania and Algeria and passed with 76 votes in favor， 35 votes against and 17 abstentions. On November 15， the delegation of the People’s Republic of China attended the UN General Assembly for the first time and was warmly received.
1972： U.S. President Nixon’s Visit to China
From February 21 to 28， 1972， upon an invitation from Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai， U.S. President Richard Nixon visited China. On February 28， the historic Shanghai Communiqué was released， announcing the normalization of relations between the two countries. The visit brought China-U.S. relations into a new era.
1973： Successful Trial of China’s First Integrated Circuit Electronic Computer On August 26， 1973， China’s first integrated circuit electronic computer， capable of making one million calculations per second， ran a successful trial. Jointly developed by Peking University， Beijing Cable Plant and then Ministry of Fuel and Chemical Industries， the computer marked a major achievement in China’s scientific and technological development and a milestone in the country’s computer development.
1974： Completion of Shengli Oilfield
On September 28， 1974， the construction of Shengli Oilfield， the second largest of its kind in China， was completed. Located in northern China， a region previously considered barren of oil， Shengli Oilfield’s construction was greatly significant in changing China’s fuel landscape and the layout of its energy industry as well as promoting the country’s economic development.
1975： Popularization of Hybrid Rice
As the most populous country on the planet， China faces the problem of a huge population and relatively meager cultivated land. Under this context， China’s hybrid rice was introduced. With strong support from the government， a research team led by Chinese scientist Yuan Longping developed indica hybrid rice seeds. In 1975， hybrid rice was approved for large-scale promotion across the country after tests. From 1976 to 1987， China’s hybrid rice production increased by more than 100 million tons， which contributed greatly to the country’s grain production. Hybrid rice solved food problems for China， where 22 percent of the world’s population live on less than 10 percent of the world’s cultivated land.
1976： Mao Zedong’s Passing
Chairman Mao Zedong， the main founder and leader of New China， passed away on September 9， 1976. The whole country fell into profound mourning. In the 10 days after his death， a total of 123 governments and heads of state sent telegrams of condolences or letters of condolences to the Chinese government. Leaders of 105 countries or their representatives went to Chinese embassies to mourn， and 53 countries dropped their national flags to half-mast. Memorial activities were held at many international organizations and conferences. On September 18， a memorial ceremony was held at Tian’anmen Square in downtown Beijing. Millions of people from all walks of life came to participate.
1977： Resumption of College Entrance Examination
In 1977， the gaokao， China’s college entrance examination， resumed after 10 years of disruption during the “cultural revolution” （1966-1976）. That winter， 5.7 million people of different ages participated in the examination. The scale of that year’s examination not only set a participation record in China， but also in the world. Destinies of many people were changed due to the resumption of the gaokao after a 10-year hiatus. It marked the dawn of a new era of respect for knowledge and professional competency.
1978： Implementation of Reform and Opening Up
The Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee held in December 1978 in Beijing is of great significance to the country. The session passed the historic decision to shift the focus of the Party and country’s work from “class struggle” to economic development. It marked the start of China’s reform and opening up and socialist modernization. Rural reform made breakthroughs， urban reform began， the opening up proceeded smoothly， and order was created out of chaos. The country was reinvigorated and revitalized.
1979： Special Economic Zones
China’s special economic zones were born in 1979， marking further development of the country’s reform and opening up. Any social change requires a breakthrough， and China’s reform， opening up and modernization were no exceptions. Soon after the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee， the Chinese government decided to establish special economic zones in Guangdong Province’s Shenzhen， Zhuhai and Shantou cities and Xiamen in Fujian Province， leveraging the provinces’ advantages of being adjacent to Hong Kong， Macao and Taiwan and boasting abundant overseas Chinese. Pictured is the Zhuhai Special Economic Zone under construction.