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从20世纪90年代初以来,上海市启动了两次课程改革,全国高考上海卷历史试题(以下简称“上海试题”)亦与时俱进,不仅在命题思路上开风气之先,而且对课程改革进行了有力的回应与引领,其中尤以1995、2001、2002和2004四个年份最为突出,主要体现在以下四个方面。一、倡导文明发展主旋律“文明”包括人类的一切创造,物质的、政治的和精神的,制度、法规、生活方式等都属于这个范畴。一部人类文明史就是人类不断在以往历史的基础上有所发现、有所发明、有所创造、有所前进的历史。从人类最早的靠采集、渔猎为生,到今天的信息时代、知识经济时代,都表明了人类的生活质量和文明程度的提升。“从文明演进角度看历史”,已成为新课程标准
Since the beginning of the 1990s, Shanghai has initiated two curriculum reforms, and the national examination papers on the history of the Shanghai college entrance examination (hereinafter referred to as the “Shanghai examination questions”) have also kept pace with the times, not only in terms of propositional ideas, but also before the course of study. The reforms have responded and led strongly, especially in the four years 1995, 2001, 2002, and 2004, which are mainly reflected in the following four aspects. I. Advocating the development of civilization The main theme of “civilization” includes all human creation, material, political, and spiritual. Institutions, laws and regulations, and lifestyles fall into this category. A history of human civilization is the history that human beings have discovered, invented, created, and advanced on the basis of past history. From the earliest days of human beings to collecting, fishing and hunting to life, to today’s information era and knowledge economy era, human life quality and civilization have been enhanced. “History from the perspective of civilization evolution” has become the new curriculum standard