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正常肝细胞无转化生长因子β（ＴＧＦβ） 但有受体（ＴβＲ） 表达，通过ＴβＲ 将ＴＧＦβ信号转导至ＳＭＡＤ。ＳＭＡＤ 蛋白家族是ＴＧＦβ在细胞内信号传递分子的一种， 可通过激活特定基因调节肝细胞生长、分化。肝硬化时间质细胞内及细胞外基质ＴＧＦβ增加。肝癌时ＴβＲ 减少并由正常细胞膜分布转变为胞浆内核周分布。ＳＭＡＤ 在肿瘤中可发生突变
Normal hepatocytes do not have transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) but have receptor (TbetaR) expression and transduce TGFbeta signaling to SMAD via TbetaR. The SMAD protein family is a type of TGF-beta signaling molecule in cells that regulates hepatocyte growth and differentiation by activating specific genes. Liver cirrhosis has increased TGF-beta in the intracellular and extracellular matrix. In liver cancer, the TβR decreases and changes from the normal cell membrane distribution to the periplasmic distribution of the cytoplasm. SMAD can mutate in tumors