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巴西边境地区,包括亚马孙森林区和中西部草原,面积是巴西其它地区的两倍,资源十分丰富。然而即使没有边境地区丰富的资源,与大多数发展中国家相比,巴西的自然条件仍是得天独厚的。例如,巴西东部地区面积是南韩的近30倍,人口是它的3倍多,因此仅就巴西东部来说,它就比南韩有更多的发展机会。 广阔的地域为发展提供了两大有利条件。首先,丰富的农业和矿产资源可提供多种多样的出口创汇产品,避免了对单一产品的过分依赖;其次,巴西巨大的国内市场使反映现代生产特点的规模经济能尽快实现,从而加速了工业化进程。 尽管巴西有着较好的资源赋存,但其人均国民收入的增长率仅为南韩的一半,人均寿命比南韩少5年,人均收入不及南韩的2/3。巴西的收入不均现象亦较为突出,如南韩一定比例的最富有的人的平均收入是最贫穷的人的7倍,而巴西则高达33倍,其地域性亦很明显,东北部人均收入仅为东南部的1/3。这种收入分配不均衡过去一直被认为是经济发展过程中不可避免的,但亚洲的情况却表明并非如此。 与南韩之类资源贫乏、市场较小的国家相比,巴西之类资源丰富的大国欠佳的社会经济状况即是“资源障碍”的一个重要例证。资源障碍是指丰富的资源不再是一种优势,而成了经济发展的负面影响因素。其证据出自对矿产品出口国,包括产
The border areas of Brazil, including the Amazon forest and the Midwest grasslands, are twice the size of the rest of Brazil and have abundant resources. However, even without the rich resources of the border areas, Brazil’s natural conditions are still uniquely compared with those of most developing countries. For example, the area in the east of Brazil is almost 30 times that of South Korea and its population is more than three times that of Brazil. Therefore, it will have more development opportunities than South Korea only in eastern Brazil. The vast area offers two major advantages for development. First, abundant agricultural and mineral resources can provide a wide range of export-oriented foreign exchange products and avoid over-reliance on a single product. Secondly, Brazil’s huge domestic market enables economies of scale that reflect the characteristics of modern production to be achieved as quickly as possible, thus accelerating industrialization process. Although Brazil has a good resource, its per capita national income growth rate is only half that of South Korea, its average life expectancy is 5 years less than that of South Korea, and its per capita income is less than 2/3 of that of South Korea. Income inequality in Brazil is also prominent. For example, a certain percentage of the richest people in South Korea earn an average of seven times the average income of the poorest people, while Brazil is as much as 33 times as much regionally as per capita income in the northeast alone 1/3 for the southeast. This uneven distribution of income has historically been regarded as unavoidable in the economic development process, but the Asian case shows that this is not the case. The poor socioeconomic status of a resource-rich, big country like Brazil, is an important example of a “resource barrier” when compared to countries such as South Korea, which are underprivileged and have smaller markets. Resource barrier refers to the rich resources are no longer an advantage, but has become a negative impact on economic development. The evidence comes from the exporter of minerals, including production