盐铁会议的岐异与缺憾:兼论中国古代商人资本的性质和历史作用

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出现在大一统中央集权帝国奠基时期、西汉中叶的盐铁会议,对以后的中国历史产生了深远影响。与会两派在经济政策、经济理论领域里诸多歧义的焦点为如何对待自由商品经济。以重商见长的御史大夫派的干涉主义与以重农抑商著称的贤良文学派的放任主义之争,为何出现各自思想、思维起点与政策、方针结局的悖逆以及对立的双方发生交叉和错位的现象?笔者认为,作为抑商思想、干涉政策的否定者——理论上的私人工商业者代表,被排拒门外,是这场论战的缺憾。究其原因:商人资本在以自然经济占支配地位的国民经济结构中,无法成为一个独立的经济成份,因此在政治上无法代表自己。而桑弘羊等人主张的、并为后世专制统治者所效行的国家商业资本政策旨在遏抑、扭曲和规范商人资本,使之变成经济统制的帮手。商人资本丧失正当、合理的经济职能,导致商品经济的不健康状态,从而影响了古代中国社会的良性运行。 Appearing in the founding period of the Centralized Centralization of the Grand Unified, the salt iron conference in the middle Western Han Dynasty had a profound impact on the history of China afterwards. The two parties in the conference focused on how to treat the free commodity economy in the fields of economic policy and economic theory. In the dispute between the interventionism of the imperialist imperialism sentient by the imperialists and the doctrine of laissez-faire of the virtuous literary gentry renowned for focusing on agriculture and economy, there is an overlap between their respective ideas, the starting point of their thinking and the disobedience of their policies and policies, as well as their opposition Dislocation phenomenon? I believe that as a repressive business ideas, the negation of interference policy - the theory of private business representatives, were excluded from the door, is the lack of debate in this debate. The reason is that merchant capital can not become an independent economic component in the national economic structure that dominates the natural economy and thus can not represent itself politically. The national commercial capital policy advocated by Sang Hongyang et al. And acting for autocratic rulers of later generations aims at suppressing, distorting and regulating the capital of merchants and turning them into helpers for economic control. The loss of merchant’s capital from legitimate and reasonable economic functions has led to the unhealthy state of commodity economy, thereby affecting the healthy operation of ancient Chinese society.
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