【摘 要】
：
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, with estimates indicating that ～50％ of the world\'s population will acquire a head injury at some point in their lifetime (Maas et al., 2017). Mild TBIs account for ～80％
【机 构】
：
Department of Child Health,University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix;BARROW Neurological Ins
论文部分内容阅读
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, with estimates indicating that ～50％ of the world\'s population will acquire a head injury at some point in their lifetime (Maas et al., 2017). Mild TBIs account for ～80％ of all reported cases, with up to 43％ of all TBI patients reporting symptoms beyond 2 weeks post-injury. As of 2016, only 7％ of preclinical TBI experiments included both male and female sexes, and fewer studies analyzed the data using sex as a biological variable (Spani et al., 2018). Since 2016, there has been a bigger push for TBI research to include both sexes, due to reports of sex disparities in symptom presentation, recovery, and vulnerability to other neurological disorders; emphasizing how little we know about the pathophysiology of TBI in females. In this Perspective, we discuss some preclinical and clinical sex differences, challenges addressing female inclusion in preclinical TBI research, and potential solutions towards finding a balance between female sex inclusion and sex as an independent biological variable; forging a path towards improving scientific rigor, reproducibility and inclusivity for evaluating pathophysiological sex-differences after TBI.
其他文献
Extracellular vesicles have been identified as pivotal mediators of intercellular communication with critical roles in physiological and pathological conditions. Via this route, several molecules (e.g., nucleic acids, proteins, metabolites) can be transfe
Ischemic stroke results from the temporary or permanent lack of blood supply in the brain due to the occlusion of a brain blood vessel. Around 85％ of patients with cerebrovascular accidents suffer from ischemic strokes. Although cerebrovascular accidents
Introduction: Parkinson\'s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder mainly characterized by the progressive decline of motor function with a prevalence that is greatly increasing since the pathology is principally driven by aging. The current
There is an increasing recognition of the strong links between the gut microbiome and the brain, and there is persuasive evidence that the gut microbiome plays a role in a variety of physiological processes in the central nervous system. This review summa
Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP) are the key bioactive components of Lycium barbarum (also named Gouqizi or Goji berry or wolfberry), a widely used Traditional Chinese herb for more than 2000 years. Believed to balance “yin” and “yang” within the bod
The intrinsic ability of peripheral nerves to regenerate after injury is extremely limited,especially in case of severe injury.This often leads to poor motor function and permanent disability.Existing approaches for the treatment of injured nerves do not
Early postnatal stimulation,e.g.,neonatal handling(NH)in its most frequent form,and environmental enrichment(EE,the exposure of juvenile animals,usually during several weeks,to environments involving rich and variable sensory stimulation)produce profound
Alzheimer\'s disease is a rather complex neurodegenerative disease, which is attributed to a combination of multiple factors. Among the many pathological pathways, synaptic dysfunctions, such as synapses loss and deficits in synaptic plasticity, were th
At present, treatments for Alzheimer\'s disease can temporarily relieve symptoms but cannot prevent the decline of cognitive ability and other neurodegenerative changes. Dendrobium nobile Lindl alkaloid is the main active component of Dendrobium nobile
Lampreys are one of the most ancient extant vertebrates and they have become an animal model of interest for the study of spontaneous axon regeneration after a traumatic central nervous system injury. Contrary to most mammals, lampreys recover locomotion