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当代西方科学哲学从逻辑实证主义到后实证主义的发展也是从基础主义到反基础主义的发展，是可误论不断加强的过程。而早在逻辑实证主义之前，美国科学家和实用主义哲学家皮尔士就比较充分地论述了反基础主义和可误论的科学知识理论。虽然皮尔士仍然把真理看做是科学研究的最终目的、绝对正确的知道，但他认为没有任何基础保证我们现有的信念是真理，我们的一切信念都可以受到批判或反驳。皮尔士彻底批判了以笛卡尔为代表的基础主义，提出了反基础主义的科学知识理论。这种知识理论经过２０世纪的发展，成为当代科学哲学和整个认识论的主流。
The development of contemporary Western philosophy of science from logical positivism to post-positivism is also a process of development from basicism to anti-foundationalism, which can be misinterpreted and continuously strengthened. As early as before the logical positivism, Peirce, the American scientist and the pragmatist philosopher, discussed the theories of anti-foundationalism and the theory of scientific knowledge that were more fully discussed. Although Peirce still regarded the truth as the ultimate goal of scientific research and was absolutely right to know it, he did not think that there was any basis for assuring that our existing beliefs are truths and that all our beliefs can be criticized or refuted. Peirce completely criticized the fundamentalism represented by Descartes and put forward the anti-foundational theory of scientific knowledge. After the development of the 20th century, this theory of knowledge has become the mainstream of contemporary philosophy of science and the whole epistemology.