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目的了解我军某型坦克训练时舱室内的主要有害因素的特点和规律。方法选择3辆某型坦克在沙土起伏的路面上以20 km/h的速度行进60 min。实时监测坦克行驶过程中主要气体的浓度,如氧气(O2)、硫化氢(H2S)、一氧化碳(CO)、氰化氢(HCN)、氯气(Cl2)、二氧化碳(CO2)、二氧化硫(SO2)、氨气(NH3)、二氧化氮(NO2)、可燃性气体(以CH4表示)以及总挥发性有机化合物(TVOC);采集坦克行驶0、20、40、60 min 4个时间点时舱室内的空气样本,采用GC/MS对空气样本中挥发性有机气体进行定性和定量分析;实时监测坦克内粉尘浓度、噪声强度,检测不同状态下坦克舱室内的电磁辐射强度。结果坦克行驶时舱室内被检出CO2、NH3、NO2和TVOC,且其浓度随着坦克行驶时间的延长而显著增加(P<0.05,P<0.01)。坦克行驶过程中4个时间点检测出的挥发性有机气体分别有122、122、155、154种,同时检出的气体有66种,主要为烷烃类及苯系物,其中苯系物的浓度随着坦克行驶时间的延长而增加(P<0.05,P<0.01)。坦克行驶60 min时的甲苯浓度[(23.6±4.3)μg/m3]显著高于0 min[(11.1±2.0)μg/m3]的甲苯浓度(P<0.01);坦克行驶40[(28.1±14.3)μg/m3]、60 min[(31.7±2.1)μg/m3]时的乙苯浓度显著高0 min[(12.2±0.5)μg/m3]时的乙苯浓度(P<0.05)。粉尘的浓度随着训练时间的延长而增加,最高浓度达到194.28 mg/m3;坦克行驶20[(105.4±4.8)dB]、40[(104.9±5.6)dB]、60 min[(105.4±5.2)dB]的等效A声级噪声强度均显著高于原地发动未行驶时[(91.4±7.1)dB]的等效A声级噪声强度(P<0.05)。坦克内部各状态电磁辐射强度均较低,其中当通信设备和发动机全部打开时电磁辐射强度最大。结论我军某型主战坦克在行驶条件下舱室内存在着多种职业有害因素,其中有害气体、噪声及粉尘的污染较为严重,且主要有害气体及总粉尘的浓度随着坦克行驶时间的延长而增加,其联合作用可能影响坦克乘员的作业效能及身体健康。
Objective To understand the characteristics and rules of the main harmful elements in the cabin of a certain type of tank during training. Methods Three types of tanks were selected to travel at a speed of 20 km / h for 60 min on the undulating sand. Real-time monitoring of the main gas concentrations in tanks such as O2, H2S, CO, HCN, Cl2, CO2, SO2, Ammonia (NH3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), combustible gas (CH4) and total volatile organic compounds (TVOC); collection tank at 0,20,40,60 min four time points within the cabin Air samples were analyzed by GC / MS for qualitative and quantitative analysis of volatile organic gases in air samples. The real-time monitoring of dust concentration and noise intensity in tanks and the detection of electromagnetic radiation intensity in tank compartments under different conditions were carried out. As a result, CO2, NH3, NO2 and TVOC were detected in the tank while the tank was traveling, and its concentration increased significantly as the tank traveling time prolonged (P <0.05, P <0.01). There were 122,122,155,154 kinds of volatile organic gases detected at four time points during the tank driving, and 66 kinds of gases were detected at the same time, mainly including alkanes and benzene compounds. The concentration of benzene compounds With the tank running time increases (P <0.05, P <0.01). The concentration of toluene at 60 min of tank was significantly higher than that of 0 min [(11.6 ± 4.3) μg / m 3] at 0 min [(11.1 ± 2.0) μg / m 3] ) concentrations of ethylbenzene at 0 min [(12.2 ± 0.5) μg / m3] at 60 min [(31.7 ± 2.1) μg / m3] Dust concentration increased with training time, with the highest concentration reaching 194.28 mg / m3; tank traveling 20 [(105.4 ± 4.8) dB], 40 [(104.9 ± 5.6) dB], 60 min [(105.4 ± 5.2) dB] was significantly higher than that of the equivalent A sound level [(91.4 ± 7.1) dB] when the vehicle did not drive in situ (P <0.05). The intensity of the electromagnetic radiation in each state of the tank is low, and the intensity of the electromagnetic radiation is the maximum when the communication device and the engine are fully opened. Conclusion Some types of main battle tanks in our army have various occupational harmful factors in driving conditions. Among them, harmful gas, noise and dust pollution are more serious, and the concentrations of major harmful gases and total dust as the tank travel time is prolonged The combined effect may affect the operating efficiency and physical health of tank crews.