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战争的合法性是战争法研究的基本问题。早在中国的先秦时期,孔子就对这一问题进行了理性反思。孔子从理想的层面,是否定战争的,但在现实的政治实践中,又肯定战争的作用。在此前提下,孔子认为,战争应以“礼”为标准进行评价,合“礼”的战争就是合法的,违“礼”的战争就是非法的。孔子的这一认识,根源于他对政治权力合法性的思考,体现了周人从道德角度思考政治权力和判断战争行为的文化传统。这一认识的历史局限性表现在以对战争的价值判断取代对战争行为的约束的思想倾向。然而,孔子对战争的思考,体现了古代先贤从道义出发,力图规制战争的努力,其中凸现的道德精神,对战争法理论的发展依然不无现实意义。
The legitimacy of war is the basic issue of the study of the law of war. As early as the pre-Qin period in China, Confucius made a rational reflection on this issue. From an ideal level, Confucius denied war, but he affirmed the role of war in realistic political practice. Under this premise, Confucius believes that a war should be evaluated on the basis of “ceremony ”, and a war of “ceremony ” is legal, and a war of “ceremony ” is illegal. This understanding of Confucius is rooted in his thinking on the legitimacy of political power and embodies Zhou’s cultural tradition of thinking politically and judging war behavior from a moral point of view. The historical limitations of this realization are manifested in the ideological tendencies of replacing the constraint on the conduct of war with the value judgments of war. However, Confucius’s thinking on the war embodies the efforts made by the ancient sages to set out from the moral and attempts to regulate the war. The moral spirit that emerged from them is still unrealistic for the development of the theory of the law of war.