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本文运用系统GMM模型,通过1994~2013年的分行业面板数据分别考察劳动密集型、资本及技术密集型行业中劳动生产率、利润率、人力资本对人工成本变动的影响程度。结果显示工资本身的贡献度远远大于其他变量,资本及技术密集型行业相对于劳动密集型行业表现出更高的工资黏性。劳动生产率的提高对平均工资的推动作用不明显,工资水平的增长长期落后于劳动生产率的增长。利润率对制造业总体工资水平的影响不明显,在劳动密集型行业中工资水平对利润率的敏感程度有所提高,在资本及技术密集型行业中利润侵蚀劳动者收入的状况仍未改变。人力资本水平对制造业各个行业工资水平的影响均不显著。随后选取人工成本、人均固定资本投入、技术水平及就业人数四个指标来探究人工成本变动对行业竞争力的影响。分析显示各行业人工成本的上涨对劳动生产率的提升均有很大的激励作用。从资本投入来看,人均资本存量的增加对制造业各行业的劳动生产率的影响都很显著。从技术水平来看,技术水平的变化对制造业总体和劳动密集型行业的劳动生产率影响程度较小。
This article uses the system GMM model to examine the impact of labor productivity, profit margin and human capital on labor cost changes in labor-intensive, capital-intensive and technology-intensive industries from 1994 to 2013 respectively. The results show that the contribution of the wage itself is much larger than the other variables, and the capital and technology-intensive industries show higher wage cohesion relative to the labor-intensive industries. The promotion of labor productivity has not obvious effect on the average salary. The growth of wage level has lagged behind the growth of labor productivity for a long time. The effect of profit margin on the overall wage level in manufacturing is not obvious. In the labor-intensive industries, the level of wages is more sensitive to profit margins. The situation of profit erosion of laborers in capital and technology-intensive industries has not changed. The level of human capital has no significant effect on the wage level of manufacturing industries. Then select the four indicators of labor costs, fixed capital investment per capita, technology level and employment to explore the impact of labor costs on the competitiveness of the industry. The analysis shows that the rise of labor costs in various industries has a great incentive effect on the improvement of labor productivity. From the perspective of capital investment, the increase of per capita capital stock has a significant impact on the labor productivity of various industries in the manufacturing industry. At the technical level, changes in technological level have less impact on labor productivity in manufacturing industries as a whole and in labor-intensive industries.