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面空导弹发展已有四十多年的历史了。第二次世界大战期间,喷气轰炸机主要在高度低于12公里的中空飞行,但由于高炮在对付低高度飞行的目标时,有较高的射击效率,因此迫使飞机向高空发展,当时,英国空军的口号是“高度就是安全”。从二次大战后期到五十年代末,空中进攻武器都以高空高速战略轰炸机为主,单纯依靠高炮已不能完成地面防空,美、苏等国除积极研究截击机外,大力发展了中高空地空导弹,以对抗战略轰炸机。这个时期,美国陆军研制了奈基Ⅰ、Ⅱ,空军研制了波马克A、B,海军研制了黄铜骑士;苏联研制了SA-1、2、3、5;英国研制了雷鸟Ⅰ、Ⅱ等,共有十几个中高空型号。六十年代初到七十年代末,由于中高空防空导弹有效性高,防空火力强,空中进攻武器改以低空突防为主。为补充第一代中高空武器低空性能的不足,美、苏、英等国发展了四十
Surface to air missile development has been more than 40 years of history. During World War II, jet bomber aircraft were mainly used for medium-altitude flights that were less than 12 kilometers in altitude, but because of the higher firing efficiency of antiaircraft artillery guns aimed at dealing with low altitude flights, the aircraft were forced to develop into high altitudes. At that time, The Air Force’s slogan is “height is safety.” From the late World War II to the late 1950s, most of the air-to-air offensive weapons were mainly high-altitude and high-speed strategic bombers. They could no longer complete ground-based air defense simply by using antiaircraft guns. In addition to actively studying the interceptor, the United States and the Soviet Union, Surface to air missiles to fight strategic bombers. During this period, the United States Army developed Naiji Ⅰ and Ⅱ, the Air Force developed the Bomag A and B, and the Navy developed the Brass Knight. The Soviet Union developed the SA-1, 2, 3, and 5. The United Kingdom developed the Thunderbirds I and II A total of more than a dozen models in the high-altitude. From the early 1960s to the late 1970s, due to the high effectiveness of the medium and high altitude anti-aircraft missiles and the strong anti-aircraft firepower, the air-based offensive weapons were mainly changed to lower-level penetration. In order to supplement the lack of low-altitude performance of the first generation of medium-altitude and high-altitude weapons, the United States, the Soviet Union and Britain have developed 40