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在经验的第二类比里,康德给出了因果原则的一个先验证明。他所理解的因果原则的正式表述是这样的:“所有的变化[……]都按照一个法则,即联结原因和结果的法则,而发生”(B 232)。本文的主要目的不在于对这个论证给出一个详细完满的重构,而是试图概述它的一两个重要方面。我将首先介绍一下这个论证的结构和框架,然后读者会看到,两个前提构成了它的支柱,同时也是第二类比讨论的中心:不可确定性论点和必然性论点。我将介绍一下对这两个论点的几种主要解读策略和困难。尽管第二类比非常重要,一直以来,相比先验演绎,对于这一章的重视程度似乎不够,所以我也将简要说明研究这一章节的重要性。
In the second analogy of experience, Kant gives a priori proof of the causal principle. The formal formulation of the causal principle he understands is this: “All changes [...] occur according to a law, the law linking causes and outcomes” (B 232). The main purpose of this paper is not to give a detailed and complete reconstruction of this argument but to outline one or two of its important aspects. I will first describe the structure and framework of this argument. The reader will then see that the two premises form the backbone of the argument and the center of the second category of discussion: the indefinable and the necessary arguments. I will introduce some of the major strategies and difficulties in interpreting these two arguments. Although the second analogy is so important, it has always been less relevant to this chapter than a priori deduction, so I will also outline briefly the importance of studying this chapter.