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目的:基于国外学者对相对年龄在体育运动中的研究,观察我国优秀田径运动员中是否存在“相对年龄”优势的现象,进而对其产生的原因及调控措施进行探讨。方法:采用文献资料调查法,收集了2007年国家注册的田径运动员的出生日资料进行统计分析。依照国际田径竞赛规则,样本分为少年乙组(15岁、16岁)、少年组(17岁、18岁)和青年组(19岁、20岁)。计数资料采用卡方检验进行统计学分析。结果:各组男子田径运动员的相对年龄分布经卡方检验,差异均十分显著,并且各组出生月份分布明显偏向比赛赛程的开始月份(1月),尤其是出生在Q1时间段的运动员占所在年龄组人数的比例最大。在以每两岁为划分标准的同一比赛年龄组中,前一年出生的运动员的“相对年龄”优势现象更为显著。结论:我国男子和女子田径运动员各年龄组中均存在着“相对年龄”优势现象,且出生日明显偏向于选择日,随年龄的增长相对年龄影响有减小趋势。
OBJECTIVES: Based on the researches on the relative age in sports by foreign scholars and observing whether there is “relative age ” in our country’s excellent track and field athletes, we discuss the causes and the control measures. Methods: By means of literature survey, the data of birth date of national track and field athletes registered in 2007 were collected for statistical analysis. According to the rules of international track and field competition, samples are divided into Junior B (15 years old, 16 years old), Junior (17 years old, 18 years old) and Youth (19 years old, 20 years old). Counting data using chi-square test for statistical analysis. Results: The relative age distribution of male track and field athletes in each group was significantly different by chi-square test, and the monthly distribution of birth month in each group obviously deviated to the start month of the race (January), especially the athletes born in Q1 The largest proportion of the age group. In the same race age group divided by every two years, the “relative age” of athletes born the previous year is more obvious. Conclusion: The “relative age” predominance exists in all age groups of male and female track and field athletes in China, and the birthdays are obviously biased towards the selection day. The relative age decreases with age.