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学界在阐释马克思的社会历史演进观时经常随意使用“形态”和“阶段”。通过追溯和分析马克思在《大纲》等文本中关于社会历史演进问题的经典表述之原文、英译文和中译文,可以看到“形态”和“阶段”的混用不仅是一个由马克思自己的文法疏忽引起的翻译问题,更是一个理解问题。澄清混乱之后,我们可以进一步看到,马克思是用“形态”表示人类史前史阶段中的诸种社会形态,诸形态有其实质上的一致,即它们都是人类不自由的社会。相反,马克思是用“阶段”表示人类社会发生了质的飞跃,进入了真正的自由的人类历史时期。在这一尚未被辨明的区别的基础上,马克思的有关思想可以呈现为更明晰有序的格局,即人类社会可以有各种不同的形态,但以自由为尺度,却只有两大阶段。“形态”与“阶段”之准确区分也为人们理解社会历史演进的多样性留下了广阔空间。
Academics often use “form” and “stage” in explaining Marx’s social and historical evolution. By tracing back and analyzing the original, English and Chinese versions of Marx’s classic formulation of the evolution of social history in such texts as Outline, it can be seen that the mix of “form” and “stage” is not only a combination of Marxism Translation problems caused by negligence of their own grammar, but also an understanding of the problem. After clarifying the confusion, we can further see that Marx used the “form” to express the various social forms in the prehistory of mankind. The forms are essentially identical, that is, they are all human beings that are not free. On the contrary, Marx used the “stage” to show that a qualitative leap in human society has taken place and entered a period of truly free human history. On the basis of this unidentified distinction, Marx’s relevant thinking can be presented in a more distinct and orderly pattern, that is, human beings can have various forms, but there are only two major stages in terms of freedom. The exact distinction between “form” and “stage” also leaves ample room for people to understand the diversity of social and historical evolution.