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The microstructure effect of ultrasonic waves in a unidirectional titanium graphite composite is analyzed by the mode energy conversions of the laser-generated ultrasonic Lamb wvaves. The carrying energy of each mode in the Lamb wvaves is calculated quantitatively by the time-frequency filtering technique of the Wigner distribution. We found that the energy conversions among modes have happened in the process of propagation of ultrasonic Lamb wave. These energy conversions are attributed to microstructure scattering of ultrasonic wave by the fibers in a fiber reinforced composite material. This work will provide a quantitative method of ultrasonic characterizationof microstructure feature of the composite materials by the laser-generated Lamb wave technique.