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传统上,人们认为在道德上得到辩护的分配方式就是正义的。但是,不同的道德理论是相互冲突的。于是,现代哲学从程序出发而不是从某种道德立场出发探讨正义的分配方式。对诺齐克来说,只要人们按照一定的限制性条件即按照正当的程序来获取或者转让财富,那么分配就是正义的。但是,他却忽视了获取或者转让的结果会妨碍其后的获取或者转让的程序。科恩认为,即使按照这样的限制性程序来转让或者获取,仍然会产生不正义的结果。对他来说,诺齐克所设置的条件是不合理的。罗尔斯的弱程序主义思路在一定程度上改进了这个条件。但是,在诺齐克看来,罗尔斯的这个程序设计是最终一状态的原则控制着的程序。这就需要进一步改进程序。改进程序是一个历史的过程,需要人们在商谈中完成。然而,这种商谈也需要一定的程序。只有按照一定的规则进行商谈,即按照哈贝马斯的民主和法治原则,正义才是有可能的。
Traditionally, people have assumed that the morally defensible way of assigning is just. However, different moral theories are conflicting. Thus, modern philosophy explores the distribution of justice from a procedural rather than a moral standpoint. For Nozick, distribution is just as long as people acquire or transfer wealth according to a proper procedure, that is, due process. However, he neglected the procedure of obtaining or transferring the result that would hinder subsequent acquisition or transfer. Cohen believes that even the transfer or acquisition under such a restrictive procedure still produces unfair results. For him, Nozick set the conditions are unreasonable. Rawls’s weak procedural ideas to some extent to improve this condition. However, in Nozick’s view, Rawls’s program design is a program controlled by the principle of the final state. This requires further improvement of the program. Improving the process is a historical process that requires people to complete the negotiation. However, such negotiations also require certain procedures. Only by negotiating according to certain rules means that justice is possible in accordance with Habermas’ principle of democracy and the rule of law.