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按照我1980年代初首先提出的一个论点来分析和比较日本和美国的工业政策与劳资关系。从1970年代初开始,美国生产的产品在国际竞争中节节失利。美国的竞争力在国际市场上不断减退。当然,产品出口的竞争力可能不是一个国家的唯一重要标准。但是最近美国在国际市场上的成绩已影响了它的国内生产,这又影响了世界上其他民主国家的发展。作为战后自由市场指导下的国家的领袖,美国有责任干得更多更好。美国人还没有失去信任,但是他们必须明白自己的前进方向。我在此阐述日本体制的几个方面,希望有些能够为美国实业界所采纳(或许先从在美国营业的日本公司开始),从而使美国的国际竞争力复活。约翰·齐斯曼(John Zysman)已指出,早在1970年代末,美国就已重视日本了。在1970年代,西方国家的很多人都已清楚,苏联或中国的经济型式对资本主义经济不是行之有效的指南或模式,从而,发达国家和发展中国家的人们都对日本经济予以更大的注意,虽然它还没有象苏联经济一样成为科学研究的一个主题。一直到1980年左右,对日本经济的研究才达到相当出色的地步。最近有几部重要的著作已问世。在美国,一组政治经济学家正在考察日本政府机构执行的目标产业政策,即通过政府的政策的贯彻来促进有前途的新产业。最近日本和其他国家,尤其是美国的贸易摩擦,使人们注意到了这些政策。经济学家们正竭力想揭示这种目标产业政策对经济增长及国际贸易的重要性和影响。通过对日本经济的分析,他们已开始重新思考美国经济学的本质。
According to an argument I first proposed in the early 1980s, I analyzed and compared the industrial policies and labor relations in Japan and the United States. Since the early 1970s, the products manufactured in the United States have been losing ground in the international competition. The competitiveness of the United States has been on the decline in the international market. Of course, the competitiveness of a product’s exports may not be the single most important criterion for a country. However, the recent U.S. achievements in the international market have affected its domestic production, which in turn has affected the development of other democracies in the world. As a leader of a country under the guidance of postwar free market, the United States has the responsibility to do more and better. Americans have not lost their trust, but they must understand their own course. Here I will elaborate on several aspects of the Japanese system and hope that some will be adopted by the American industrialists (perhaps starting with Japanese companies operating in the United States) so as to revive the United States’ international competitiveness. John Zysman has pointed out that as early as the late 1970s, the United States has taken Japan seriously. In the 1970s, many in Western countries knew that neither the Soviet Union nor China’s economic model was an effective guide or model for the capitalist economy. Therefore, people in both developed and developing countries have taken a greater share of the Japanese economy. Note that although it has not become a subject of scientific research as the Soviet economy did. Until about 1980, the study of Japan’s economy reached a very good stage. Several important books have been published recently. In the United States, a group of political economists is examining the target industrial policies implemented by Japanese government agencies, namely promoting promising new industries through the implementation of government policies. The recent trade friction between Japan and other countries, especially the United States, has drawn attention to these policies. Economists are struggling to reveal the significance and impact of such targeted industrial policies on economic growth and international trade. By analyzing Japan’s economy, they have begun to rethink the essence of American economics.