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在过去150多年里,西方普遍认为中国的荒地,包括林地和草场在内,都是缺乏管理和保护的。但是研究表明,在历史上荒地一直都受到了细心的管理和控制,并且存在着不同于农耕地的独特的荒地管理方式,而且林地和草场有些时候是由地方公共组织进行管理的。不幸的是,上世纪起,国家运动和非地方性的管理方式却导致了环境的恶化。而在分配有关树木和荒地的权利时考虑到习惯法的地方,所有制的类型及其激励机制显示出了他们异乎寻常的对于变化的灵活性,并且直到今天这些习惯法依然存在。
For the past 150 or more years, the West generally believed that China’s wasteland, including woodlands and pastures, was lacking in management and protection. However, studies show that wasteland has historically been carefully managed and controlled, and that there are unique forms of wasteland management that differ from those of farmland, and that sometimes woodland and rangeland are managed by local public organizations. Unfortunately, since the beginning of the last century, the national movement and the non-endemic management have led to the deterioration of the environment. Where customary law is taken into account when distributing rights concerning trees and barren land, the types of ownership and their incentives show their extraordinary flexibility for change and until today these customary laws still exist.