This paper suggests a principle to find a unitary operator U which transforms non-physical quantity,zero-potential Hamiltonian Ho, into true physical quantity U
Beam halo-chaos in high-current accelerators has become a key concerned issue because it can cause excessive radioactivity from the accelerators therefore signi
Zero-temperature Monte Carlo simulations are used to investigate the hysteresis of a magnetic particle ina dipolarIsing model. The magnetic particle is describe