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交通部于1995年3月15日发布新修订的《水路货物运输规则》和《水路货物运输管理规则》(以下简称“两规”),并于1995年9月1日起正式施行。“两规”是我国国内港口水路货物运输的基本业务规章,属法律文本,是国内水路货物运输托运人、承运人、港口经营人的行为规则。它规范了国内水路货物运输托运人、承运人、港口经营人的法律地位、权利义务、分工、责任界限;明确了时间上、空间上对人的适用范围。“两规”的修订发布是建立我国社会主义市场经济体制培育和发展水运市场的需要,并为水路货物承运人、港口经营人提供行为规范的法律依据。“两规”的发布非常及时,非常必要。 一、“两规”充分体现社会主义水运市场的要求 1.体现水运经济关系市场化。这主要表现于:(1)按照市场的需求来进行水运生产的调节占主导地位;(2)允许多种经济成份,多渠道运输,不管是国有企业、集体企业、股份企业、个体企业等,作为市场经济的主体,有平等的法律地位,参加水运市场竞争;(3)允许合同定价运输,允许水运价格实行在国家规定价格的基础上,企业可在一定幅度内浮动的指导价格。 2.体现了港口经营人行为自主化。原“两规”中规定港口和航方共同作为承运人对水路货物运输承担责任,港航之间作为承运人内部关系来调整。而这一规
The Ministry of Communications issued the newly revised “Rules for the Transportation of Waterway Cargoes” and “Rules for the Management of Waterway Freight Transport” (hereinafter referred to as the “Two Regulations”) on March 15, 1995, and came into effect on September 1, 1995. The “two regulations” are the basic business rules of the domestic port waterway cargo transportation, which are legal texts, and are the rules of conduct for domestic waterway cargo shippers, carriers and port operators. It regulates the legal status, rights and obligations, division of labor and responsibility limits of domestic waterway cargo transportation shippers, carriers and port operators; and defines the scope of application to people in time and space. The revision of the “two rules” is the need to establish a socialist market economic system for cultivating and developing the water transport market and provide the legal basis for the codes of conduct of waterway cargo carriers and port operators. The release of “two regulations” is very timely and very necessary. I. The “Two Rules” Fully Embody the Requirements of the Socialist Water Transport Market 1. Embody the Marketization of Water Transport Economic Relations. This is mainly manifested in the following aspects: (1) The adjustment of water transport operations is dominated by market demand; (2) allowing a variety of economic components and multi-channel transport, whether state-owned enterprises, collective enterprises, joint stock companies, As the main body of the market economy, have equal legal status and participate in the competition in the water transport market; (3) Allow the contract to be priced and transported, and allow the price of water to be guided by the guide price floating to a certain extent on the basis of the price stipulated by the state. 2. Reflects the independence of port operators. The original “two rules” stipulates that both the port and the shipping carrier jointly act as the carrier to bear the responsibility for the carriage of waterway cargo, and that the connection between the port and airlines should be adjusted as the carrier’s internal relations. And this rule