论文部分内容阅读
一、概念
过去分词的形式为done，在句中与主语构成逻辑上的被动关系，即句子的主语是该分词的动作承受者。过去分词在句中做状语可表示时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随等意义，相当于一个时间、原因、条件、让步等状语从句。
1．表示时间。相当于一个时间状语从句，有时候前面也可以加when, while强调时间概念。如：
Questioned about the murder, he came tense. （=when he was questioned about ...） 当问到关于谋杀的事情时，他紧张起来。
After many times, I told him the rescue. （=After/when I had been asked many times, ...） 当被问过多次后，我告诉了他结果。
2．表示条件。相当于一个条件状语从句，有时候条件前面可加if。如：
Kicked out from this company, he would find a new job. （=If he were kicked out from ...） 如果他被公司解雇了，他得找个新工作。
3. 表示原因。相当于一个原因状语从句。如：
Deeply moved by the story, the children began to cry. （=As they were deeply moved ...） 由于被故事深深打动，孩子们都哭了起来。
4. 表示伴随情况。
She walked out of the house, followed by her little daughter. （= ... , and she was followed by her little daughter.） 她走出房子，女儿跟在后面。
He turned away and disappointed. （= He turned away and was disappointed.） 他转过身，非常失望。
5. 表示让步
Beaten by the opposite team, the players were not discouraged and practised even harder. （= Although they were beaten by ...） 虽然被对手战胜了，但是队员们毫不气馁，加倍练习。
二、与现在分词作状语的区别
句子的主语与过去分词在逻辑上是动宾关系，而现在分词与其逻辑主语则为主谓关系。
误：Seeing on the top of the mountain, the city looks more beautiful.
正：Seen on the top of the mountains, the city looks more beautiful.
（若改为条件状语从句则为： If it is seen ...）
三、受过去分词作定语的干扰
过去分词作定语不仅表示被动，还表示“已经完成”，但过去分词作状语，动作不一定是已经完成的动作，有可能是同时进行的，也有可能是未来的。（尤其是在时间，条件状语从句中。）
误：Once to be begun, the project won’t be changed.
正：Once begun, the project will never be changed. （=Once it is begun, ...）
误：If to be given more money, I’ll solve the problem.
正：If given more money, I’ll solve the problem.（=If I am give more money, ...）
四、与并列句的区别
过去分词作状语，相当于对应的状语从句，不可再用but, so, and, so, or, 否则重复。
误：Laughed at by everyone, but he had my sympathy.
正：Laughed at by everyone, he had my sympathy. （=Though he was laughed at by everyone, ...）
误：Known to all, so he was recognized very easily.
正：Known to all, he was recognized very easily. （=Because/As/Since he was recognized very easily）
五、逻辑主语与句子主语不一致
过去分词的主语一定要与句子的主语保持一致，否则用从句或独立结构等。
误：No matter how well translated, we don’t like the poem.
正：No matter how well the poem translated, we don’t like it. （=No matter how well the poem is/has/been translated）
正：No matter how well translated, the poem is not liked by us.
注意 习惯表达插入起评注说明的作用，用法固定，不必考虑逻辑上的关系。如：Generally speaking, considering, supposing that, seeing that（鉴于）等。
Generally speaking, men can run faster than women. 一般说来，男人比女人跑得快。
Considering everything, it wasn’t a bad holiday. 考虑到各种情况，这次假日过得不错。
【练习】
1. （被咬伤两次后）, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained（锁住） our dog. （bite）
2. Michael’s new house is like a huge palace, （和……比起来） with his old one. （compare）
3. （给予更多的帮助）, he’ll make greater progress in English. （give）
4. （如果被好好治疗的话）， it may take him a while to recover from the operation. （treat）
5. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie （被老板提问） at the meeting. （question）
【参考答案】
1. Bitten twice
2. compared
3. Given more help
4. If he is treated well
5. when questioned by the boss
过去分词的形式为done，在句中与主语构成逻辑上的被动关系，即句子的主语是该分词的动作承受者。过去分词在句中做状语可表示时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随等意义，相当于一个时间、原因、条件、让步等状语从句。
1．表示时间。相当于一个时间状语从句，有时候前面也可以加when, while强调时间概念。如：
Questioned about the murder, he came tense. （=when he was questioned about ...） 当问到关于谋杀的事情时，他紧张起来。
After many times, I told him the rescue. （=After/when I had been asked many times, ...） 当被问过多次后，我告诉了他结果。
2．表示条件。相当于一个条件状语从句，有时候条件前面可加if。如：
Kicked out from this company, he would find a new job. （=If he were kicked out from ...） 如果他被公司解雇了，他得找个新工作。
3. 表示原因。相当于一个原因状语从句。如：
Deeply moved by the story, the children began to cry. （=As they were deeply moved ...） 由于被故事深深打动，孩子们都哭了起来。
4. 表示伴随情况。
She walked out of the house, followed by her little daughter. （= ... , and she was followed by her little daughter.） 她走出房子，女儿跟在后面。
He turned away and disappointed. （= He turned away and was disappointed.） 他转过身，非常失望。
5. 表示让步
Beaten by the opposite team, the players were not discouraged and practised even harder. （= Although they were beaten by ...） 虽然被对手战胜了，但是队员们毫不气馁，加倍练习。
二、与现在分词作状语的区别
句子的主语与过去分词在逻辑上是动宾关系，而现在分词与其逻辑主语则为主谓关系。
误：Seeing on the top of the mountain, the city looks more beautiful.
正：Seen on the top of the mountains, the city looks more beautiful.
（若改为条件状语从句则为： If it is seen ...）
三、受过去分词作定语的干扰
过去分词作定语不仅表示被动，还表示“已经完成”，但过去分词作状语，动作不一定是已经完成的动作，有可能是同时进行的，也有可能是未来的。（尤其是在时间，条件状语从句中。）
误：Once to be begun, the project won’t be changed.
正：Once begun, the project will never be changed. （=Once it is begun, ...）
误：If to be given more money, I’ll solve the problem.
正：If given more money, I’ll solve the problem.（=If I am give more money, ...）
四、与并列句的区别
过去分词作状语，相当于对应的状语从句，不可再用but, so, and, so, or, 否则重复。
误：Laughed at by everyone, but he had my sympathy.
正：Laughed at by everyone, he had my sympathy. （=Though he was laughed at by everyone, ...）
误：Known to all, so he was recognized very easily.
正：Known to all, he was recognized very easily. （=Because/As/Since he was recognized very easily）
五、逻辑主语与句子主语不一致
过去分词的主语一定要与句子的主语保持一致，否则用从句或独立结构等。
误：No matter how well translated, we don’t like the poem.
正：No matter how well the poem translated, we don’t like it. （=No matter how well the poem is/has/been translated）
正：No matter how well translated, the poem is not liked by us.
注意 习惯表达插入起评注说明的作用，用法固定，不必考虑逻辑上的关系。如：Generally speaking, considering, supposing that, seeing that（鉴于）等。
Generally speaking, men can run faster than women. 一般说来，男人比女人跑得快。
Considering everything, it wasn’t a bad holiday. 考虑到各种情况，这次假日过得不错。
【练习】
1. （被咬伤两次后）, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained（锁住） our dog. （bite）
2. Michael’s new house is like a huge palace, （和……比起来） with his old one. （compare）
3. （给予更多的帮助）, he’ll make greater progress in English. （give）
4. （如果被好好治疗的话）， it may take him a while to recover from the operation. （treat）
5. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie （被老板提问） at the meeting. （question）
【参考答案】
1. Bitten twice
2. compared
3. Given more help
4. If he is treated well
5. when questioned by the boss