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灵长类动物学家德·瓦尔和康德主义哲学家科斯嘉德之间的一场争论表明试图论证强调人类道德具有进化论的根基并不必然破坏道德的独特性。进而,被科斯嘉德认为是规范性的主要源泉的反思性的自我意识也可以在其他灵长类动物身上找到某些起源。认知性的移情以及其他个体间的能力是自我反思的基础。但是,在动物世界中找到人类道德的构成性要素并不意味着伦理学应该被生物学化;相反,道德的“突现”特征要求我们对人类的整个道德系统在其不同的层次上从不同的分析模型出发来进行研究。
A controversy between primate zodiacist DeVal and the Kantian philosopher Cosgard shows that trying to argue that the underlying evolution of human morals does not necessarily undermine the moral distinctiveness. Furthermore, the reflective self-awareness that Cosgard identifies as the principal source of normativity can find some origin in other primates. Cognitive empathy and the ability of other individuals are the basis for self-reflection. However, finding the constituent elements of human morality in the animal world does not mean that ethics should be biologically oriented. On the contrary, the characteristic “morality” of morality requires that we regard the entire moral system of human beings at different levels from Different analysis model to proceed to study.