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Abstract： This paper study that framework and economics of competition and cooperation between railway and waterway.And give the economic Analysis of Railway and Water Multimodal Transport
Key word： Cooperation Game o； Railway-Ship Competition； dynamic Mechanism
一、Introduction
At present， Belt and Road's national strategy has been carried out in depth， which leads China's international trade goods not only to take the traditional shipping——maritime Silk Road， but also to take a large number of fast developing land Silk Road——Railway. In particular， the rapid development of railway freight trains in Asia- Europe and Central Asia has led to the rapid development of waterless ports in the central and western of China. The rapid development of international trade and export industry in Chongqing， Zhengzhou and other regions is an important achievement and example of Belt and Road's construction. The traditional geographical advantages of coastal areas and port cities are no longer exclusive， and many customers of traditional maritime transportation have railway transport channels to use， and the business of shipping enterprises has been challenged. But the competition between waterway and railway involves the problem of mutual cooperation， and this kind of cooperation is very necessary in local area and local period， and it often shows irreplaceable. The interaction between the adequacy of competition and the necessity of cooperation between railway and waterway formed a more complex evolutionary mechanism. This mechanism has the dynamic evolution characteristic of game. This paper studies this problem.
二、Framework Analysis of Competition and Cooperation between Railway and Waterway
Although there is competition and cooperation between railway and water transportation， the level of competition and cooperation is not high， and even has serious problems .These problems are mainly reflected in technical standards， stability of cooperation， asset specificity， benefit-sharing mechanism， risk sharing， effectiveness of communication and coordination， and so on.
（一）Analysis of Technical Standards for competitive and Cooperation between Railways and Waterways
At present， Belt and Road's main mode of transport is container transport and bulk transport. International land transportation is mainly container transportation， especially railway transport. Container business in waterway is the most competitive mode of transportation with railway， and it is also the main problem of competition and cooperation between railway and waterway. And bulk transportation is not the main problem in the competition or cooperation between railway and waterway. At present， China-Europe， Central Asia international railway train is basically carried out by container transport. These international railway container trains and some shipping enterprises to form business competition. At the same time， there are some international container trains and sea transport to complete the combined transport business， forming a cooperative relationship. In the process of competition and cooperation， the technical standard of container becomes defect or problem. ISO series international standard containers are widely used in shipping， including 20ft and 40ft.However. the container specification standards of land transportation system are different in many countries and regions. For example， 53ft containers are widely used in inland container rail transportation in the United States and 48ft containers are widely used in inland transport in Europe.31ft and 12ft containers are widely used in inland transportation in Japan. 15 years ago， China's railway containers were not ISO series specifications， so a large number of special railway containers measured in tonnage now. At present， a large number of ISO series 20ft and 40ft containers are adopted in China's railway system， which are suitable for marine transportation. The different specifications and technical standards of containers in each transport section cause trouble to the cooperation and connection between the transport sections. This trouble is the fault of transportation， not only in management science， but also in economic analysis.
（二）Stability Analysis of Competition Cooperation between Railway and Waterway
At present， there is competition between railway and water transportation， which mainly occurs in the competition for customer business， because the service capacity and scope ofthem have quite a lot of overlap and substitution.In fact， railway and waterborne service capacity in the market segment is different. In terms of the service capacity of China-EU freight lines， the operation time of international container railway is shorter than that of shipping， and generally it does not exceed 20 days. Although there is government subsidy， the actual freight rate is still higher than that by sea. The same route usually takes 36 or more than 50 days by sea. Those competition causes the service ability and the service resources of both sides not to be completely replaced， this kind of competition also will exist for a long time， so this kind of competition is stable.
Railway and sea transport have regular cooperation needs， especially water-rail combined transport.Water-rail intermodal transport is one of the main forms of multimodal transport. At present， the main transportation of port cargo is automobile transportation， which has high cost and high pollution. There are also quite a lot of goods transported by water- water mode， which can not effectively serve the inland areas. So the cooperation between railway and sea has a good prospect and stability.
（三）Assets specificity Analysis of Competition- Cooperation between Railways and Waterways
At present， mechanized active technology is widely used in the field of railway and waterway transportation loading and unloading， and the investment isvery huge. And technical equipment has the trend of large-scale， heavy-duty， specialized， to improve the efficiency of operation. These assets are highly efficient but single-purpose and expensive， and belong to specialized assets. These assets， once put into use， are often not easy to withdraw. Once the railway and waterway have these assets， the two sides have formed a long-term cooperative and competitive relationship.And it will change from a simple zero-sum game to a repeated game. The strategy of competition and cooperation has changed.The change of the game relationship is beneficial to the establishment of trust between the two sides. 三、Economic Analysis of Railway and Water Multimodal Transport
In the process of competition and cooperation between railway and shipping transportation， cooperation is the basis. Railways and waterways complement each other in terms of service capacity ，it achieve economies of scope； railways exhibit good speed economies in the competition for long distances and large volumes of transport； and maritime transport， in terms of large volume transport services， constantly uses large size ships，it is economy of scale ；and the continuous use of advanced and efficient special facilities for railway and sea transportation reflect the asset specific economy.
Athyhor：
Shuguang Guo.He was born in August 1971，inZhenjiang City Jiangsu province.Nationality：China.As associate professor work for Jiangsu Maritime Institute ，Doctor Candidate of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics..Research interests：Management，Logistics.
作者簡介：
郭曙光（1971-），男，汉族，江苏省镇江市人，硕士，江苏海事职业技术学院，副教授，南京航空航天大学博士研究生。
Key word： Cooperation Game o； Railway-Ship Competition； dynamic Mechanism
一、Introduction
At present， Belt and Road's national strategy has been carried out in depth， which leads China's international trade goods not only to take the traditional shipping——maritime Silk Road， but also to take a large number of fast developing land Silk Road——Railway. In particular， the rapid development of railway freight trains in Asia- Europe and Central Asia has led to the rapid development of waterless ports in the central and western of China. The rapid development of international trade and export industry in Chongqing， Zhengzhou and other regions is an important achievement and example of Belt and Road's construction. The traditional geographical advantages of coastal areas and port cities are no longer exclusive， and many customers of traditional maritime transportation have railway transport channels to use， and the business of shipping enterprises has been challenged. But the competition between waterway and railway involves the problem of mutual cooperation， and this kind of cooperation is very necessary in local area and local period， and it often shows irreplaceable. The interaction between the adequacy of competition and the necessity of cooperation between railway and waterway formed a more complex evolutionary mechanism. This mechanism has the dynamic evolution characteristic of game. This paper studies this problem.
二、Framework Analysis of Competition and Cooperation between Railway and Waterway
Although there is competition and cooperation between railway and water transportation， the level of competition and cooperation is not high， and even has serious problems .These problems are mainly reflected in technical standards， stability of cooperation， asset specificity， benefit-sharing mechanism， risk sharing， effectiveness of communication and coordination， and so on.
（一）Analysis of Technical Standards for competitive and Cooperation between Railways and Waterways
At present， Belt and Road's main mode of transport is container transport and bulk transport. International land transportation is mainly container transportation， especially railway transport. Container business in waterway is the most competitive mode of transportation with railway， and it is also the main problem of competition and cooperation between railway and waterway. And bulk transportation is not the main problem in the competition or cooperation between railway and waterway. At present， China-Europe， Central Asia international railway train is basically carried out by container transport. These international railway container trains and some shipping enterprises to form business competition. At the same time， there are some international container trains and sea transport to complete the combined transport business， forming a cooperative relationship. In the process of competition and cooperation， the technical standard of container becomes defect or problem. ISO series international standard containers are widely used in shipping， including 20ft and 40ft.However. the container specification standards of land transportation system are different in many countries and regions. For example， 53ft containers are widely used in inland container rail transportation in the United States and 48ft containers are widely used in inland transport in Europe.31ft and 12ft containers are widely used in inland transportation in Japan. 15 years ago， China's railway containers were not ISO series specifications， so a large number of special railway containers measured in tonnage now. At present， a large number of ISO series 20ft and 40ft containers are adopted in China's railway system， which are suitable for marine transportation. The different specifications and technical standards of containers in each transport section cause trouble to the cooperation and connection between the transport sections. This trouble is the fault of transportation， not only in management science， but also in economic analysis.
（二）Stability Analysis of Competition Cooperation between Railway and Waterway
At present， there is competition between railway and water transportation， which mainly occurs in the competition for customer business， because the service capacity and scope ofthem have quite a lot of overlap and substitution.In fact， railway and waterborne service capacity in the market segment is different. In terms of the service capacity of China-EU freight lines， the operation time of international container railway is shorter than that of shipping， and generally it does not exceed 20 days. Although there is government subsidy， the actual freight rate is still higher than that by sea. The same route usually takes 36 or more than 50 days by sea. Those competition causes the service ability and the service resources of both sides not to be completely replaced， this kind of competition also will exist for a long time， so this kind of competition is stable.
Railway and sea transport have regular cooperation needs， especially water-rail combined transport.Water-rail intermodal transport is one of the main forms of multimodal transport. At present， the main transportation of port cargo is automobile transportation， which has high cost and high pollution. There are also quite a lot of goods transported by water- water mode， which can not effectively serve the inland areas. So the cooperation between railway and sea has a good prospect and stability.
（三）Assets specificity Analysis of Competition- Cooperation between Railways and Waterways
At present， mechanized active technology is widely used in the field of railway and waterway transportation loading and unloading， and the investment isvery huge. And technical equipment has the trend of large-scale， heavy-duty， specialized， to improve the efficiency of operation. These assets are highly efficient but single-purpose and expensive， and belong to specialized assets. These assets， once put into use， are often not easy to withdraw. Once the railway and waterway have these assets， the two sides have formed a long-term cooperative and competitive relationship.And it will change from a simple zero-sum game to a repeated game. The strategy of competition and cooperation has changed.The change of the game relationship is beneficial to the establishment of trust between the two sides. 三、Economic Analysis of Railway and Water Multimodal Transport
In the process of competition and cooperation between railway and shipping transportation， cooperation is the basis. Railways and waterways complement each other in terms of service capacity ，it achieve economies of scope； railways exhibit good speed economies in the competition for long distances and large volumes of transport； and maritime transport， in terms of large volume transport services， constantly uses large size ships，it is economy of scale ；and the continuous use of advanced and efficient special facilities for railway and sea transportation reflect the asset specific economy.
Athyhor：
Shuguang Guo.He was born in August 1971，inZhenjiang City Jiangsu province.Nationality：China.As associate professor work for Jiangsu Maritime Institute ，Doctor Candidate of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics..Research interests：Management，Logistics.
作者簡介：
郭曙光（1971-），男，汉族，江苏省镇江市人，硕士，江苏海事职业技术学院，副教授，南京航空航天大学博士研究生。