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应用冷冻断裂复形透射电子显微镜法研究了三种典型国产减压渣油的物理结构。结果表明，减压渣油是溶胶态胶体分散体系，正庚烷沥青质和胶质重组分构成分散相胶团。胶质以两种状态存在：胶质重组分缔合形成分散相胶团，其余的胶质组分与油分（芳香分＋饱和分）一起构成分散介质。分析了三种减压渣油及其组分的红外光谱、化学组成与结构参数，考察了渣油胶体结构的形成机制。研究发现，高电负性杂原子和芳香性是形成胶团的充分必要条件，氢键是形成胶团的重要分子相互作用方式。胶团的多少和聚集状态取决于正庚烷沥青质和胶质重组分的多少，以及它们的高电负性杂原子含量和芳香性的高低。
The physical structure of three typical domestic vacuum residuums was investigated by freeze-fracture complex transmission electron microscopy. The results show that the vacuum residue is a sol-gel colloidal dispersion, n-heptane asphaltene and colloidal components constitute a dispersed phase micelles. The gum exists in two states: the gum-heavy components associate to form the dispersed micelles, and the remaining gum components together with the oil (aromatic + saturate) form the dispersion medium. The infrared spectra, chemical compositions and structural parameters of three kinds of vacuum residuum and its components were analyzed, and the formation mechanism of the residue colloidal structure was investigated. It is found that high-electron-negative heteroatoms and aromaticity are necessary and sufficient conditions for the formation of micelles. Hydrogen bonding is an important molecular interaction mode for the formation of micelles. The size and aggregation of micelles depend on the amount of n-heptane asphaltenes and colloidal heavies, as well as their high electronegative heteroatom content and aromaticity.