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一、兵工体改的反思兵器工业管理体制是在第一个五年计划时期逐步建立和形成的。由于当时国家经济基础薄弱,又面临严重的战争威胁,兵器工业沿袭了战争年代的一些军事化和供给制的做法。此后,又照搬了苏联的管理模式,形成了高度集中、单一军品、自成体系的兵器工业管理体制。随着我国经济建设的发展,大规模战争的结束,这种体制日益暴露了集中过多、统得过死、严重束缚生产力发展的弊病。因此30多年来,国家对这种管理体制进行了多次的变革和探索。第一次,1958年,在大跃进中把一部分企业下放地方,并在直属企业中实行军民结合。第二次,将下放企业重新收回,并错误地批判了军民结合。第三次,1963年,五机部成立,实行了部——厂两级管理。第四次,1969年,将兵器工业系统划归总后领导,并将企业陆续下放到各省(市、区)军区,形成了解放军总后勤部——五机部——省(市、区)军区、国
I. Reflections on reform of the military industry The weapons industry management system was gradually established and formed during the first five-year plan period. Because the country’s economic foundation was weak at the time and faced with a serious threat of war, the weapons industry followed some militarization and supply systems during the war years. Since then, it has copied the Soviet Union’s management model and formed a highly centralized, single-armed, self-contained weapons industry management system. With the development of China’s economic construction and the end of large-scale wars, this system has increasingly exposed the ills of over-concentration, unification, and severe constraints on the development of productivity. Therefore, over the past 30 years, the state has carried out many reforms and explorations of this type of management system. For the first time, in 1958, some enterprises were decentralized during the Great Leap Forward, and military-civilian integration was implemented in the direct enterprises. For the second time, the decentralized enterprises were retaken back and wrongly criticized the combination of military and civilian. The third time, in 1963, the five-machine division was established and implemented ministry-factory two-level management. For the fourth time, in 1969, the weapons industry system was placed under the leadership of the general manager and the enterprises were successively decentralized to the provincial (city, district) military regions, forming the General Logistics Department of the People’s Liberation Army - the five-machine department - the province (city, district) Military Region, Country