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契约是社会个体通过自由订立协定而为自己或他人创设权利与义务的一种书面协议,上升为一种社会公共理论后,契约论便成了一种国家理论,它被用来证明政治权威的合法性,或者用来对政治权威施加限制。霍布斯、洛克及卢梭都对社会契约理论作出了重大的理论贡献。在他们的理论中,契约关系已上升为一种法权关系,即契约思想已不仅是停留在私法领域里探讨个人间权利关系的问题,更是在公法领域探寻个人与社会、个人与国家的权利义务关系等宪政问题。与西方社会契约论思想家们所处的社会历史条件不同,中国社会长期处于封建皇权的统治下,老百姓处于无权状态。随着改革的不断深入,特别是社会主义市场经济制度确立后,我国社会政治、经济生活中的契约不断涌现。通观历史与现实,近代西方社会契约思想对我国社会主义制度建设有着重要启示。
The contract is a written agreement by individuals in society to create rights and obligations for themselves or others through free agreement. After rising to a kind of social public theory, contractualism becomes a kind of national theory and it is used to prove that political authority Legitimacy, or to impose restrictions on political authority. Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau made major theoretical contributions to the theory of social contract. In their theory, the contractual relationship has risen to a kind of legal right relationship, that is, the contractual thinking has not only been the problem of exploring the relationship between the individual rights in the field of private law, but also the exploration of individual and social, individual and state Rights and obligations and other constitutional issues. Different from the social and historical conditions of the thinkers in the western society, the Chinese society has long been under the rule of the feudal imperial power and the ordinary people have no right. With the deepening of the reform, especially after the establishment of the socialist market economic system, the contractual contracts in our social, political and economic life are constantly emerging. Looking at history and reality, the modern Western social contractual thinking has important implications for the construction of China’s socialist system.