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ＴＧＦβ是人体多种上皮细胞生长的负调控因子，而癌细胞的生物学特性之一也正是失去了对ＴＧＦβ的生长抑制反应。Ｍａｄ 蛋白是ＴＧＦβ受体（ＴβＲ） 作用的底物，参与ＴＧＦβ受体激活后细胞内信号转导过程。ＴＧＦβ及其受体以及下游分子Ｍａｄ 基因改变与肿瘤的发生有密切关系。
TGF-β is a negative regulator of the growth of a variety of human epithelial cells, and one of the biological characteristics of cancer cells is also lost the growth inhibitory response to TGF β. Mad protein is a substrate for the action of TGF-β receptor (TβR) and participates in intracellular signal transduction after activation of TGF-β receptor. TGF β and its receptors as well as downstream molecules Mad gene changes are closely related to the occurrence of tumors.