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一、导言 众所周知,前中央计划经济国家的市场化改革运动在其初期有着非常不同的经历。前苏联自80年代后期施行激进改革方案以后,工业产出一直大幅度滑坡。相反,始自1978年的中国经济改革却使工业产出一直保持较高速度的增长率。对许多经济学家来说,中国的改革经历是令人不解的,因为80年代以来它的工业产出的增长是在其经济改革路径完全偏离了传统经济学开出的药方的情况下发生的。在改革初期,中国国有企业仍然在一个传统的计划体制中运作,其工业的产出和价格依然受到中央计划的控制,直至进入90年代,来自私营部门的工业产出仍然只占总产出的很小的比重。而与此同时,在工业产出的增长中,传统国有部门始终是主要的贡献者(张军,1994;或参见表1和表2)。
I. Introduction As we all know, the marketization and reform movement in the former centrally planned economy had very different experiences in its initial stage. After the Soviet Union implemented a radical reform program in the late 1980s, industrial output has been significantly reduced. On the contrary, the economic reforms in China that started in 1978 have kept industrial output at a relatively high rate of growth. For many economists, the reform experience in China is puzzling because the increase in its industrial output since the 1980s has taken place in the context of its economic reform that deviated completely from the prescriptions of traditional economics of. In the early stages of the reform, Chinese state-owned enterprises were still operating in a traditional planning system. The output and prices of their industries were still under the control of the Central Government. Until the 1990s, the output of the private sector in industrial output still accounted for only the total output A small proportion. At the same time, the traditional state sector has always been the main contributor to the growth of industrial output (Zhang, 1994; or see Tables 1 and 2).