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日本学者中岛乐章以保留存世的“徽州文书”为史料来源,讨论了明代乡村社会的纠纷处理机制与秩序运行模式。在宋、元乡村纠纷解决机制的基础上,明代早期到后期,在国家行政体制与地方社会结构的双重作用下,徽州乡村纠纷解决方式经历了里甲制,耆宿制,老人制,乡约、保甲制等一系列流变或并置的制度体系。探讨明代乡村秩序模式,不能单独从国家行政制度设置角度入手,仍需同时考察传统乡村文化与社会结构,而宗族与民间权威属于人类学研究领域长期关注的对象。本文拟以明代徽州乡村社会纠纷处理机制为切入点,从人类学角度对其进行分析,从而管窥传统汉人乡村社会的权力体系及秩序运行模式。
The Japanese scholar Nakajima Murakami retained the remaining “Huizhou instruments” as the source of historical materials and discussed the dispute handling mechanism and the order operation mode of the rural society in the Ming Dynasty. On the basis of the dispute settlement mechanism of the Song and Yuan Dynasties and the early and late Ming Dynasty, under the dual roles of state administrative system and local social structure, the settlement methods of village disputes in Huizhou experienced the following problems: the system of Lijia system, the system of the seniors, the system of the elderly, Baojia system and a series of rhetorical system or juxtaposition. To explore the mode of rural order in the Ming Dynasty can not be studied solely from the perspective of setting up the administrative system of the country. It is still necessary to examine the traditional rural culture and social structure at the same time. Clans and non-governmental authorities are the objects of long-term concern in the field of anthropology. This paper intends to analyze the handling mechanism of rural social disputes in Huizhou in the Ming Dynasty and analyze it from the perspective of anthropology so as to provide a glimpse of the power system and order operation mode of the traditional Han rural society.