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目的:氮(N)、磷(P)和钾(K)是作物生长发育所必需的营养元素。然而,过度地投入会导致田间低效的利用率,造成大量养分损失,影响土壤、水和大气的质量,以及人类健康和生物多样性。因此,本实验研究控释肥料(CRF)是否可以替代可溶性肥料(SF),有效地增加作物产量,提高肥料利用率,减少田间养分损失。创新点:连续2年(2011~2013年)在中国南方红黄壤地区开展田间试验,研究控释肥料对早熟油菜(湘杂油1613)的产量、生长、养分吸收和肥料利用率的影响。可更好地解决稻-稻-油生产过程中的季节矛盾,简化油菜生产模式,增加农民收入,并确保国家粮油安全。方法:设置SF和等量CRF五个施用量处理,即SF1/CRF1(3750 kg/hm~2)、SF2/CRF2(3000 kg/hm~2)、SF3/CRF3(2250 kg/hm~2)、SF4/CRF4(1500 kg/hm~2)和SF5/CRF5(750 kg/hm~2),以及不施肥处理(CK)。结论:CRF处理油菜产量较SF处理两年平均提高14.51%,其中CRF4和SF3处理获得最大产量(2066.97和1844.50 kg/hm~2),其次是CRF3处理(1929.97 kg/hm~2)和SF4处理(1839.40 kg/hm~2)。此外,CRF4处理利润最高(人民币7126.4元每公顷),与SF4处理相比,其油菜产量增加12.37%和单位肥料施用量下降11.01%。较SF处理,CRF处理显著增加油菜分支数、角果数和干物质重量(P<0.05)。单株角果数是油菜产量构成的主要因素。随着肥料施用量的增加,N、P和K吸收量先增加后下降,而N、P和K利用率均降低。同时,CRF处理的N、P、K吸收量和N、P、K利用率显著高于SF处理的结果(P<0.05)。CRF处理N素累积量和N素利用率较SF处理平均提高13.66%和9.74个百分点。总之,CRF一次性基施显著促进油菜的生长发育,通过提供后期生长阶段足够的养分,最终减少了土壤中的养分残余和增加了植株的养分积累,提高了肥料利用率。
Purpose: Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are essential nutrients for crop growth and development. However, over-investment can lead to inefficient utilization in the field, resulting in significant nutrient losses, affecting the quality of soil, water and the atmosphere as well as human health and biodiversity. Therefore, whether the controlled release fertilizer (CRF) could replace the soluble fertilizer (SF) could improve the crop yield, increase the fertilizer utilization rate and reduce the nutrient loss in the field. Innovations: Field experiments were conducted in the red and yellow soils of southern China for the second consecutive year (2011 ~ 2013) to study the effect of controlled release fertilizers on yield, growth, nutrient uptake and fertilizer use efficiency of precocious rape (Xiangcuiyou 1613). Can better solve the seasonal contradictions in the rice-rice-oil production process, simplify the rapeseed production mode, increase farmers’ income, and ensure the national grain and oil security. Methods: Five doses of SF and CRF1 (3750 kg / hm ~ 2), SF2 / CRF2 (3000 kg / hm ~ 2) and SF3 / CRF3 , SF4 / CRF4 (1500 kg / hm ~ 2) and SF5 / CRF5 (750 kg / hm ~ 2), and no fertilization treatment (CK). The results showed that the yield of CRF treated rapeseed increased by 14.51% on average over the two years of SF treatment, of which CRF4 and SF3 were the most productive (2066.97 and 1844.50 kg / hm2), followed by CRF3 (1929.97 kg / hm2) and SF4 treatment (1839.40 kg / hm ~ 2). In addition, CRF4 was the most profitable (RMB 7126.4 per hectare), with a 12.37% increase in rapeseed production and a 11.01% decrease in unit fertilizer use compared with SF4 treatment. Compared with SF treatment, CRF treatment significantly increased the number of rapeseed branches, pod number and dry matter weight (P <0.05). The number of pod per plant is the main factor of rapeseed production. With the increase of fertilizer application, N, P and K uptake increased first and then decreased, but N, P and K utilization decreased. At the same time, N, P, K uptake and utilization of N, P and K by CRF were significantly higher than those by SF treatment (P <0.05). Compared with SF treatment, CRF treatment N accumulation and N utilization rate increased by 13.66% and 9.74 percentage points on average. In conclusion, one-time application of CRF significantly promoted the growth and development of rapeseed. By providing sufficient nutrients in later growth stages, CRF finally reduced soil nutrient residues and increased plant nutrient accumulation and improved fertilizer utilization.